Author: Jessica.F

Inhibitors of the protein-protein interaction between phosphorylated p62 and Keap1 attenuate chemoresistance in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line was written by Yasuda, Daisuke;Ohe, Tomoyuki;Takahashi, Kyoko;Imamura, Riyo;Kojima, Hirotatsu;Okabe, Takayoshi;Ichimura, Yoshinobu;Komatsu, Masaaki;Yamamoto, Masayuki;Nagano, Tetsuo;Mashino, Tadahiko. And the article was included in Free Radical Research in 2020.Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

Resistance to anticancer agents has been an obstacle to developing therapeutics and reducing medical costs. Whereas sorafenib is used for the treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), resistance limits its efficacy. p62, a multifunctional protein, is overexpressed in several HCC cell lines, such as Huh-1 cells. Phosphorylated p62 (p-p62) inhibits the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between Keap1 and Nrf2, resulting in the Nrf2 overactivation that causes drug resistance. We have found a unique Nrf2 inactivator, named K67, that inhibited the PPI between Keap1 and p-p62 and attenuated sorafenib resistance in Huh-1 cells. Herein, we designed and synthesized novel K67 derivatives by modification of the substituent at the 4-position of the two benzenesulfonyl groups of K67. Although these new derivatives inhibited the Keap1-p-p62 PPI to a level comparable to or weaker than that of K67, the isopropoxy derivative enhanced the sensitivity of Huh-1 cells to sorafenib to a greater extent than K67 without any influence on the viability of Huh-7 cells, which is a non-resistant HCC cell line. The isopropoxy derivative also increased the sensitivity of Huh-1 cells to regorafenib, which suggests that this derivative has the potential to be used as an agent to overcome chemoresistance based on Nrf2 inactivation. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Butoxybenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (cas: 1138-56-3Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks).

4-Butoxybenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (cas: 1138-56-3) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides are compounds containing a carbon-chlorine bond, which are widely used in the oil field as a wax dissolver. Alkanes and aryl alkanes may be chlorinated under free radical conditions, with UV light. However, the extent of chlorination is difficult to control.Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Linear relations between thermodynamic parameters. III. Application to solvolysis reactions was written by Lee, Ikchoon. And the article was included in Taehan Hwahakhoe Chi in 1963.Safety of 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline This article mentions the following:

The general equation for the test of the substituent effect which was derived in the previous paper was extended to correlate thermodn. parameters of solvolysis reactions by modifying the potential energy term to represent the effect of change in solvent composition The linear fits of the new equation, ΔΔH.dbldag. = a’Y + bΔΔS⁼, were tested with 35 examples taken from the literature and an average correlation coefficient of 0.977 was obtained. The equation is generally applicable to solvolysis reactions and helps elucidate some of the difficulties experienced with the Grunwald-Winstein equation (CA 42, 8591a). The linear enthalpy-entropy effect exists only between the external enthalpy and entropy of activation. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline (cas: 698-01-1Safety of 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline).

2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline (cas: 698-01-1) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can cause corrosion in pipelines, valves and condensers, and cause catalyst poisoning. The hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) and others are affected by damage caused by these substances. Aryl chlorides may be prepared by the Friedel-Crafts halogenation, using chlorine and a Lewis acid catalyst.Safety of 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Nonpeptide Inhibitors of Measles Virus Entry was written by Sun, Aiming;Prussia, Andrew;Zhan, Weiqiang;Murray, Ernest E.;Doyle, Joshua;Cheng, Li-Ting;Yoon, Jeong-Joong;Radchenko, Eugene V.;Palyulin, Vladimir A.;Compans, Richard W.;Liotta, Dennis C.;Plemper, Richard K.;Snyder, James P.. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2006.Reference of 6834-42-0 This article mentions the following:

Measles virus (MV) is one of the most infectious pathogens known. Despite the existence of a vaccine, over 500 000 deaths/yr result from MV or associated complications. Antimeasles compounds could conceivably reverse these statistics. Previously, the authors described a homol. model of the MV fusion protein trimer and a putative binding site near the head-neck region. The resulting model permitted the identification of two nonpeptidic entry inhibitors. Here, the authors present the design, synthesis, and bioevaluation of several series of fusion inhibitors and describe their structure-activity relationships (SAR). Five simply substituted anilides show low-μM blockade of the MV, one of which (I, AS-48) exhibits IC₅₀ = 0.6-3.0 μM across a panel of wild-type MV strains found in the field. Mol. field topol. anal. (MFTA), a 2D QSAR approach based on local mol. properties (at. charges, hydrogen-bonding capacity and local lipophilicity), applied to the anilide series suggests structural modifications to improve potency. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(3-Methoxyphenyl)acetyl chloride (cas: 6834-42-0Reference of 6834-42-0).

2-(3-Methoxyphenyl)acetyl chloride (cas: 6834-42-0) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines stimulate the central nervous system and cause convulsions, tremor, nausea, and mental confusion. Examples are dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, lindane, endosulfan, and dieldrin. The haloform reaction, using chlorine and sodium hydroxide, is also able to generate alkyl halides from methyl ketones, and related compounds. Chloroform was formerly produced thus.Reference of 6834-42-0

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Derisking the Cu-Mediated ¹⁸F-Fluorination of Heterocyclic Positron Emission Tomography Radioligands was written by Taylor, Nicholas J.;Emer, Enrico;Preshlock, Sean;Schedler, Michael;Tredwell, Matthew;Verhoog, Stefan;Mercier, Joel;Genicot, Christophe;Gouverneur, Veronique. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2017.Reference of 697-73-4 This article mentions the following:

The compatibility of various heterocycles, particularly nitrogen heterocycles, towards the copper-mediated ¹⁸F-fluorination of aryl pinacolboronates with ¹⁸F-fluoride was determined using fluorination reactions of a model substrate in the presence of exogenous heterocycles and the fluorination reactions of substrates possessing heterocycles with fluorination on an attached aromatic ring or directly attached to the heterocycle of interest. Using this information, syntheses of seven ¹⁸F-labeled structurally complex pharmaceutically relevant heterocycle-containing mols. were designed and executed. The method may be useful in designing syntheses of other radiolabeled compounds and delineating the scope of utility of other radiolabeling methods. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-difluorobenzene (cas: 697-73-4Reference of 697-73-4).

2-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-difluorobenzene (cas: 697-73-4) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can cause corrosion in pipelines, valves and condensers, and cause catalyst poisoning. The hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) and others are affected by damage caused by these substances. Alkyl chlorides readily react with amines to give substituted amines. Alkyl chlorides are substituted by softer halides such as the iodide in the Finkelstein reaction.Reference of 697-73-4

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Recoverable and Reusable V₂O₅/SnO₂ catalyst for N-Boc protection of amines under solvent-free conditions was written by Ramchander, Potu;Raju, Gugulothu Vijayacharan Gajula;Satyanaryana, Battu. And the article was included in Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research in 2017.Safety of tert-Butyl (4-chlorophenyl)carbamate This article mentions the following:

A simple methodol. for the synthesis of N-aryl carbamates RNBoc [R = Ph, 2-MeC₆H₄, 2-H₂NC₆H₄, etc.] via N-Boc protection of amines using V₂O₅/SnO₂ catalyst was developed. The reactions proceeded smoothly under solvent-free conditions and N-Boc protection of amines were obtained in good to excellent yields. This heterogeneous catalysis offered the advantages such as ease to prepare the V₂O₅/SnO₂ catalyst, low cost, availability and reusability of the catalyst, avoid to use of base-, metal-, or acid-reagents, relatively short reaction times and clean workup and no side reactions. The catalyst could be easily recovered and reused for ten reaction cycles for protection of amines without considerable loss of activity and yields. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, tert-Butyl (4-chlorophenyl)carbamate (cas: 18437-66-6Safety of tert-Butyl (4-chlorophenyl)carbamate).

tert-Butyl (4-chlorophenyl)carbamate (cas: 18437-66-6) belongs to organic chlorides. An organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.Safety of tert-Butyl (4-chlorophenyl)carbamate

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

All-Organic Filler with Fractal Structure for Reinforcement and Toughening of Aromatic Polyamide Film was written by Gao, Yue;Lv, Junwei;Gao, Kexiong;Zhang, Dajie;Luo, Longbo;Liu, Xiangyang. And the article was included in Macromolecular Materials and Engineering in 2022.Reference of 4422-95-1 This article mentions the following:

The simultaneous enhancement in strength and toughness seems to be an intrinsic contradiction in multiple material designs, including the structural regulation of polymer composites. In this study, benzimidazole-containing aromatic-polyamide thin films are used as typical rigid polymers with high strength and modulus to study their strength-toughness collaboration via a multi-scaled stress distribution mechanism. A fully organic deformable filler with a fractal structure is designed. Utilizing the large-scale deformability of the filler to absorb the energy and dislocation node structure of the filler to disperse the stress, the composite thin film is significantly toughened, which is reflected in the elongation at break increased by 144.9% and energy at break increased by 154.2%. In addition, the specific fractal structure of the filler provided a larger interaction area, which enhanced the interfacial bonding force and improved the strength of the film. Moreover, owing to the larger interaction area provided by the fractal structure, the interface bonding force between the filler and matrix due to the similar chem. structures is further improved and the tensile strength of the composite thin film is increased from 389.2 ± 11.98 to 426.2 ± 4.41 MPa. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Trimesoylchloride (cas: 4422-95-1Reference of 4422-95-1).

Trimesoylchloride (cas: 4422-95-1) belongs to organic chlorides. An organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications. Alkyl chlorides are versatile building blocks in organic chemistry. While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available.Reference of 4422-95-1

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Palladium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Coupling of Aryl Chlorides and Sulfonamides under Microwave Irradiation was written by Burton, George;Cao, Ping;Li, Gang;Rivero, Ralph. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2003.Electric Literature of C9H8ClNO4 This article mentions the following:

An efficient intermol. N-arylation of sulfonamides with aryl chlorides is realized using Pd catalysis. The reaction proceeds under microwave irradiation at 180-200° for 10 min with 2-10 mol % of Pd catalyst in 32-85% isolated yields. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzoate (cas: 16588-16-2Electric Literature of C9H8ClNO4).

Ethyl 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzoate (cas: 16588-16-2) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can cause corrosion in pipelines, valves and condensers, and cause catalyst poisoning. The hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) and others are affected by damage caused by these substances. The haloform reaction, using chlorine and sodium hydroxide, is also able to generate alkyl halides from methyl ketones, and related compounds. Chloroform was formerly produced thus.Electric Literature of C9H8ClNO4

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Multimodal confined water dynamics in reverse osmosis polyamide membranes was written by Foglia, Fabrizia;Frick, Bernhard;Nania, Manuela;Livingston, Andrew G.;Cabral, Joao T.. And the article was included in Nature Communications in 2022.Related Products of 4422-95-1 This article mentions the following:

While polyamide (PA) membranes are widespread in water purification and desalination by reverse osmosis, a mol.-level understanding of the dynamics of both confined water and polymer matrix remains elusive. Despite the dense hierarchical structure of PA membranes formed by interfacial polymerization, previous studies suggest that water diffusion remains largely unchanged with respect to bulk water. Here, we employ neutron spectroscopy to investigate PA membranes under precise hydration conditions, and a series of isotopic contrasts, to elucidate water transport and polymer relaxation, spanning ps-ns timescales, and Å-nm length scales. We exptl. resolve, for the first time, the multimodal diffusive nature of water in PA membranes: in addition to (slowed down) translational jump-diffusion, we observe a long-range and a localized mode, whose geometry and timescales we quantify. The PA matrix is also found to exhibit rotational relaxations commensurate with the nanoscale confinement observed in water diffusion. This comprehensive ‘diffusion map’ can anchor mol. and nanoscale simulations, and enable the predictive design of PA membranes with tuneable performance. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Trimesoylchloride (cas: 4422-95-1Related Products of 4422-95-1).

Trimesoylchloride (cas: 4422-95-1) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines stimulate the central nervous system and cause convulsions, tremor, nausea, and mental confusion. Examples are dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, lindane, endosulfan, and dieldrin. Alkyl chlorides readily react with amines to give substituted amines. Alkyl chlorides are substituted by softer halides such as the iodide in the Finkelstein reaction.Related Products of 4422-95-1

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Nitration of 6-hydroxynicotinic acid and related compounds was written by Berrie, A. H.;Newbold, G. T.;Spring, F. S.. And the article was included in Journal of the Chemical Society in 1951.Related Products of 59237-53-5 This article mentions the following:

The following study is a part of a projected synthesis of lysergic acid. 6-Hydroxynicotinic acid (I) (50 g.) in 500 cc. HNO₃ (d. 1.52), kept 4 hrs. at 45-50°, gives 20 g. 5-nitro derivative (II), yellow, m. 278° (decomposition), absorption maximum at 2110 and 3600 A. (ε 19,200 and 7900); Me ester, pale yellow, m. 206°, 65%; Et ester, pale yellow, m. 165-7°. I (2 g.) in 20 cc. HNO₃ (d. 1.52), refluxed 30 hrs., gives 1 g. 3,5-dinitro-2(1H)-pyridone (III), yellow, m. 175°, absorption maximum at 2140 and 3260 A. (ε 13,400 and 11,400); 1 g. II and 10 cc. HNO₃, heated 30 hrs., give 0.5 g. III; 0.92 g. 2-amino-3,5-dinitropyridine and HNO₂ and later, NaOH, give 0.8 g. III; 1 g. 3-nitro-2(1H)-pyridone, refluxed 2 hrs. with HNO₃, gives 0.3 g. III; 5-nitro-2(1H)-pyridone yields 38% III. 1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-1-methylnicotinic acid (IV) (3.06 g.) and 30.6 cc. HNO₃ (d. 1.52), heated 5 hrs. at 50-5°, evaporated to dryness, and crystallized from H₂O, gave 2.0 g. 1-methyl-3,5-dinitro-2(1H)-pyridone (V), pale yellow, m. 178°, absorption maximum at 2080, 2180, and 3100 A. (ε 20,600, 19,100, and 12,700); acidification of the filtrate (concentrated HCl) gives 15.8% of the 5-NO₂ derivative (VI) of IV, yellow, m. 217-22°, absorption maximum at 2180 and 3640 A. (ε 18,100 and 6600); Me ester, yellow, m. 147-9°; Et ester, pale yellow, m. 124°. IV (3.06 g.) and 30.6 g. HNO₃ (d. 1.52), refluxed 5 hrs., give 2 g. V; 0.25 g. VI and HNO₃, refluxed 4 hrs., give 0.2 g. V. 1-Methyl-3-nitro-2(1H)-pyridone (0.7 g.) and HNO₃, refluxed 2 hrs., give 0.3 g. V; 0.7 g. of the 5-NO₂ isomer yields 0.3 g. V; 0.92 g. III and 0.28 g. KOH in 10 cc. H₂O, evaporated to dryness and heated 3 hrs. at 120° with MeI in MeOH, give 0.5 g. V. II (1.84 g.), heated 20 hrs. at 100° with 10 cc. PBr₃ and 6.4 g. Br and the bromide decomposed with 20 cc. MeOH, gives 1.6 g. Me 6-bromo-5-nitronicotinate (VII), pale yellow, m. 98°; Et ester, pale yellow, m. 85°. II (0.92 g.), heated 2 hrs. at 100° with PCl₅, and POCl₃, gives 0.92 g. of the 6-Cl analog of VII, pale yellow, m. 76°; Et ester, m. 61°, 44%. III(0.92 g.),1.5 g. PCl₅, and 2 cc. POCl₃, heated 2 hrs. at 120°, give 0.5 g. 2-chloro-3,5-dinitropyridine, m. 64.5°. 2-Amino-5-chloro-3-nitropyridine (1.25 g.) in 4 cc. H₂SO₄ (d. 1.84) and 2.5 cc. H₂O, treated with I g. NaNO₂ (below 10°), stirred 1 hr., diluted with 25 cc. H₂O, and kept overnight at 0°, gives 1.18 g. 5-chloro-3-nitro-2(1H)-pyridone (VIII), yellow, m. 235°; 1.75 g. VIII in 10 cc. 6% aqueous KOH, evaporated to dryness and heated 2 hrs. with 4 g. MeI in 10 cc. EtOH, gives 0.5 g. of the 1-Me derivative of VIII, pale yellow, m. 126°. 2-Amino-5-nitropyridine (1.39 g.) in 100 cc. EtOH, treated (ice cooling) with 0.71 g. Cl, gives 0.85 g. 2-amino-3-chloro-5-nitropyridine (IX), pale yellow, m. 211-13°. IX (0.35 g.) through the diazo reaction in H₂SO₄ gives 0.2 g. 3-chloro-5-nitro-2(1H)pyridone (X), pale yellow, m. 198°. V (1 g.), 3 g. PCl₅, and 2 cc. POCl₃, heated 4 hrs. at 150°, give 0.5 g. unchanged V and 0.2 g. 3-chloro-1-methyl-5-nitro-2(1H)-pyridone (XI), pale yellow, m. 115°; 0.99 g. V and 5 cc. SOCl₂, heated 5 hrs. at 140-50°, give 0.25 g. unchanged V and 0.4 g. XI; the K compound from 1.75 g. X, MeI, and EtOH, boiled 2 hrs., give 1.5 g. XI. 3-Nitro-2(1H)-pyridone (1.4 g.) in 10 cc. hot 5% NaOH gives 0.9 g. Na 3-nitro-2-pyridyl oxide (XII), with I mol. H₂O, yellow, m. 340°, absorption maximum at 2580 and 3600 A. (ε 2400 and 6600). Na 5-nitro-2-pyridyl oxide, with 3 mols. H₂O, yellow, m. 303° (decomposition), absorption maximum at 2060 and 3020 A. (ε 9100 and 10,500); Na 3,5-dinitro-2-pyridyl oxide (XIII), with 2 mols. H₂O, m. 298° (decomposition), absorption maximum at 2100 and 3260 A. (ε 13,600 and 10,100); these 3 Na salts decompose violently when heated. Nitration of 2(1H)-pyridone by the method of Chichibabin and Shapiro (C.A. 18, 2394) gives a compound m. 286° (decomposition), believed to be a mixture of XII and XIII; further nitration gives a good yield of III. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Methyl 6-chloro-5-nitronicotinate (cas: 59237-53-5Related Products of 59237-53-5).

Methyl 6-chloro-5-nitronicotinate (cas: 59237-53-5) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, pesticides, chloromethane, teflon, insulators. Alkyl chlorides are versatile building blocks in organic chemistry. While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available.Related Products of 59237-53-5

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Harnessing C-H Borylation/Deborylation for Selective Deuteration, Synthesis of Boronate Esters, and Late Stage Functionalization was written by Kallepalli, Venkata A.;Gore, Kristin A.;Shi, Feng;Sanchez, Luis;Chotana, Ghayoor A.;Miller, Susanne L.;Maleczka, Robert E.;Smith, Milton R.. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2015.Formula: C13H15BClF3O2 This article mentions the following:

In the presence of iridium catalysts such as [Ir(cod)OMe]₂, aryl and heteroaryl mono- and di(pinacolboronates) underwent regioselective deborylation; reaction of aryl- and heteroaryl mono(pinacolboronates) using D₂O yielded regioselectively deuterated arenes, while deborylation of di(pinacolboronates) yielded mono(pinacolboronates) with different and complementary regioselectivity from a direct monoborylation. Di(pinacolboronates) were prepared using iridium-catalyzed borylation; diborylation and chemoselective deborylation reactions were performed in one pot in some instances. The iridium-catalyzed borylations were compared to palladium-catalyzed deborylations of diborylated indoles described by Movassaghi; for a 3-methylindole-derived diboronate and for three thiophenediboronates, the iridium-catalyzed conditions were more effective. Nonracemic clopidogrel was regioselectively deuterated and monoborylated using iridium-catalyzed mono- and diborylation and deborylation reactions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(3-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 942069-65-0Formula: C13H15BClF3O2).

2-(3-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 942069-65-0) belongs to organic chlorides. Chlorinated organic compounds are found in nearly every class of biomolecules and natural products including alkaloids, terpenes, amino acids, flavonoids, steroids, and fatty acids. Alkyl chlorides are versatile building blocks in organic chemistry. While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available.Formula: C13H15BClF3O2

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics