Tag: M.W=250-300

Doherty, Ann T.; Hayes, Julie E.; Molloy, Jennifer; Wood, Catherine; O’Donovan, Mike R. published the artcile< Bone marrow micronucleus frequencies in the rat after oral administration of cyclophosphamide, hexamethylphosphoramide or gemifloxacin for 2 and 28 days>, Synthetic Route of 6055-19-2, the main research area is cyclophosphamide monohydrate hexamethylphosphoramide Factive bone marrow micronucleus genotoxicity.

Cyclophosphamide (CPA), hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) and gemifloxacin (GF) were administered orally to Han Wistar rats for 2 and 28 days up to their maximum tolerated doses. For CPA, the sensitivity, as measured by the increases at the lowest active dose, was greater after 28 days. However, published data show that blood levels at 28 days are the same as at 2 days. The sensitivity to HMPA was also greater at 28 days but toxicokinetic anal. showed a reduction in blood levels. Although apparently anomalous, this probably reflected increased metabolism of HMPA to its genotoxic metabolite, formaldehyde. In contrast, GF gave a clear increase in micronucleus frequency after 2 doses but not after 28 and the maximum dose tolerated for 28 days gave blood levels 80% greater than the same dose after 2 days. It is apparent that for these three compounds there are differences between responses after dosing for 2 and 28 days that cannot be ascribed simply to differences in blood levels. It is important to note that although the responses were quant. different, the two established rodent carcinogens gave pos. results at both sampling times. Because rodent oncogenicity data are not available for GF, it is not known whether the pos. or neg. result in the rat bone marrow micronucleus test is predictive. The purpose of this work was not to support the use of either acute or sub-chronic dosing for the rat micronucleus assay but to point out that sampling times can give both qual. and quant. different results.

Toxicology Research (Cambridge, United Kingdom) published new progress about Bone marrow. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Synthetic Route of 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Xie, Huaijun; Chen, Jingwen; Huang, Yang; Zhang, Ruohan; Chen, Chang-Er; Li, Xuehua; Kadokami, Kiwao published the artcile< Screening of 484 trace organic contaminants in coastal waters around the Liaodong Peninsula, China: Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk>, Application In Synthesis of 6055-19-2, the main research area is organic contaminant ecol risk peninsula water pollution; Coastal waters; Comprehensive analytical method; Risk assessment; Trace organic contaminants.

Human activities such as agriculture, aquaculture, and industry can lead to the pollution of coastal waters by trace organic contaminants (TrOCs), and the TrOCs can pose a threat to marine ecosystems. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the occurrence, distribution, and ecol. risk of the TrOCs in coastal waters. Previous studies adopting conventional anal. methods have focused on a limited number of targets. Herein, a comprehensive and systematic determination was undertaken to target 484 TrOCs in the waters around the Liaodong Peninsula, China. Eighty-six TrOCs were detected at concentrations of up to 350 ng L-1, and 25 TrOCs were detected at a frequency of >50%. Pesticides were the predominant pollutants, occurring at high concentrations with large detection frequencies. Ecol. risks were assessed for single pollutants and mixtures based on the risk quotient and concentration addition modeling, resp. The detected pesticides posed relatively high risk to aquatic organisms, while pharmaceuticals, consumer products, and other pollutants posed little or no risk. TrOC mixtures posed extremely high risk to aquatic organisms, which represented a significant threat to the marine environment and local communities. The results described here provide useful information that can inform China’s “”Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution””.

Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) published new progress about Ecology. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Application In Synthesis of 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Shen, Chun-Hui; Chen, Yao; Xu, Xin-Jie; Li, Xue-Yang; Wen, Xiao-Ju; Liu, Zong-Tang; Xing, Rong; Guo, He; Fei, Zheng-Hao published the artcile< Efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution and Cr(VI) reduction under visible light using a novel Z-scheme SnIn4S8/CeO2 heterojunction photocatalysts>, Synthetic Route of 22519-64-8, the main research area is hydrogen chromium tin indium sulfide cerium oxide photocatalyst photocatalysis; Cr(VI) reduction; H(2) production; SnIn(4)S(8)/CeO(2); Z-scheme.

Semiconductor photocatalysis technol. is a promising method for hydrogen production and water pollution treatment. Here, the SnIn4S8/CeO2 (SISC) composites were fabricated by a stirring and calcination method, and the mass ratio of SnIn4S8 to CeO2 was optimized. The 50 wt% SISC heterojunction photocatalyst has the highest visible light catalytic activity. The degradation rate of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) is 98.8% in 75 min of light irradiation, which is 2.48 times that of pure CeO2. Besides, the 50 wt% SISC composite photocatalyst also has the highest photocatalytic hydrogen production efficiency (0.6193 mmol g-1 h-1), which exhibits a higher photocatalytic activity than pure CeO2 and SnIn4S8. The enhanced photocatalytic performance can be attributed to the Z-scheme heterojunction structure between CeO2 and SnIn4S8, which can effectively sep. and transfer photo-generated charges, thereby reducing the recombination of photo-generated carriers. We hope this work can provide ideas for constructing Z-scheme heterojunction structures and improving photocatalytic activity under visible light.

Journal of Hazardous Materials published new progress about Band gap. 22519-64-8 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is Cl3H8InO4, Synthetic Route of 22519-64-8.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Lee, Mee-Young; Seo, Chang-Sebo; Kim, Ji-Young; Shin, Hyeun-Kyoo published the artcile< Genotoxicity evaluation of Oryeong-san water extract using in vitro and in vivo tests>, Name: 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate, the main research area is Salmonella Escherichia Oryeong san water extract genotoxicity.

Background: Oryeong-san, a mixture of five herbal plants, is a well-known therapy for renal-associated diseases such as those manifesting edema, dysuria, and oliguria. Methods: In the present study, we investigate the potential genotoxic effects of a water extract of Oryeong-san (ORSE) in three mutagenicity assays (an in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) with Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli strains, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test using Chinese hamster lung cells, and an in vivo micronucleus test using ICR mice bone marrow). Results: ORSE showed no genotoxicity in the Ames test up to 5000 μg/plate; the in vitro chromosome aberration test showed no significant structural aberrations with and without the S9 mix up to 5000 μg/mL, or the in vivo micronucleus test up to 2000 mg/kg body weight Conclusions: In conclusion, under the current test conditions, ORSE seems safe for use; however, other genotoxicity tests (e.g. sister-chromatid exchange or Comet) or chronic toxicity tests are warranted.

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine published new progress about Alisma orientale. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Name: 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Ali, Shaukat; van Mil, Harald G. J.; Richardson, Michael K. published the artcile< Large-scale assessment of the zebrafish embryo as a possible predictive model in toxicity testing>, Safety of 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate, the main research area is zebrafish embryo drug toxicity.

Background: In the drug discovery pipeline, safety pharmacol. is a major issue. The zebrafish has been proposed as a model that can bridge the gap in this field between cell assays (which are cost-effective, but low in data content) and rodent assays (which are high in data content, but less cost-efficient). However, zebrafish assays are only likely to be useful if they can be shown to have high predictive power. We examined this issue by assaying 60 water-soluble compounds representing a range of chem. classes and toxicol. mechanisms. Methodol./Principal Findings: Over 20,000 wild-type zebrafish embryos (including controls) were cultured individually in defined buffer in 96-well plates. Embryos were exposed for a 96 h period starting at 24 h post fertilization. A logarithmic concentration series was used for range-finding, followed by a narrower geometric series for LC50 determination Zebrafish embryo LC50 (log mmol/L), and published data on rodent LD50 (log mmol/kg), were found to be strongly correlated (using Kendall’s rank correlation tau and Pearson’s product-moment correlation). The slope of the regression line for the full set of compounds was 0.73403. However, we found that the slope was strongly influenced by compound class. Thus, while most compounds had a similar toxicity level in both species, some compounds were markedly more toxic in zebrafish than in rodents, or vice versa. Conclusions: For the substances examined here, in aggregate, the zebrafish embryo model has good predictivity for toxicity in rodents. However, the correlation between zebrafish and rodent toxicity varies considerably between individual compounds and compound class. We discuss the strengths and limitations of the zebrafish model in light of these findings.

PLoS One published new progress about Alkaloids Role: ADV (Adverse Effect, Including Toxicity), BIOL (Biological Study). 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Safety of 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Komoto, Chiho; Nakamura, Tsutomu; Ohmoto, Nobuko; Kobayashi, Hironao; Yagami, Tatsurou; Nishiguchi, Kohshi; Iwaki, Koichi; Kuwahara, Akiko; Yamamori, Motohiro; Okamura, Noboru; Okumura, Katsuhiko; Sakaeda, Toshiyuki published the artcile< Three-dimensional, but not two-dimensional, culture results in tumor growth enhancement after exposure to anticancer drugs>, Application In Synthesis of 6055-19-2, the main research area is collagen gel droplet embedded culture drug sensitivity test chemosensitivity; cervical carcinoma WST1 assay anticancer.

Previously, we have adapted a recently developed three-dimensional chemosensitivity test, the collagen gel droplet embedded culture drug sensitivity test (CD-DST), for evaluation of chemosensitivity of 12 anticancer drugs against colorectal adenocarcinoma, and surprisingly, it was found that tumor growth enhancement was occasionally observed even after exposure to anticancer drugs. In this study, the CD-DST was applied for human cervical carcinoma cell line HeLa-Ohio (HeLa) cells and its MDR1/P-glycoprotein-overexpressing subline, Hvr100-6 cells, and 12 anticancer drugs were assessed in terms of chemosensitivity and deterioration of tumor, and the results were compared with those by two-dimensional WST-1 assay. Growth enhancement was observed in Hvr100-6 cells, not in HeLa cells, for mitomycin C with the ratio of total volume of colonies in the treated group to that in the untreated group (T/C%) of 135.0%, doxorubicin with T/C% of 162.5% and cyclophosphamide with T/C% of 122.0%, and this was not observed in WST-1 assay. Multidrug resistance was detected both for CD-DST and WST-1 assay. The values of T/C% in CD-DST were comparable with or higher than those of the survival fraction (%) in WST-1 assay, and modification of WST-1 assay procedure gave similar results, suggesting a higher resistance in three-dimensional than in two-dimensional culture. Further investigations should be addressed to the association of MDR1/P-glycoprotein with tumor growth enhancement.

Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences published new progress about Antitumor agents. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Application In Synthesis of 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Harrill, Joshua A.; Freudenrich, Theresa; Wallace, Kathleen; Ball, Kenneth; Shafer, Timothy J.; Mundy, William R. published the artcile< Testing for developmental neurotoxicity using a battery of in vitro assays for key cellular events in neurodevelopment>, Formula: C7H17Cl2N2O3P, the main research area is primary cortical cell developmental neurotoxicity battery; Assay suite; Concentration-response; Developmental neurotoxicity; High content imaging; In vitro models; Toxicity screening.

Medium- to high-throughput in vitro assays that recapitulate the critical processes of nervous system development have been proposed as a means to facilitate rapid testing and identification of chems. which may affect brain development. In vivo neurodevelopment is a complex progression of distinct cellular processes. Therefore, batteries of in vitro assays that model and quantify effects on a variety of neurodevelopmental processes have the potential to identify chems. which may affect brain development at different developmental stages. In the present study, the results of concentration-response screening of 67 reference chems. in a battery of high content imaging and microplate reader-based assays that evaluate neural progenitor cell proliferation, neural proginitor cell apoptosis, neurite initiation/outgrowth, neurite maturation and synaptogenesis are summarized and compared. The assay battery had a high degree of combined sensitivity (87%) for categorizing chems. known to affect neurodevelopment as active and a moderate degree of combined specificity (71%) for categorizing chems. not associated with affects on neurodevelopment as inactive. The combined sensitivity of the assay battery was higher compared to any individual assay while the combined specificity of the assay battery was lower compared to any individual assay. When selectivity of effects for a neurodevelopmental endpoint as compared to general cytotoxicity was taken into account, the combined sensitivity of the assay battery decreased (68%) while the combined specificity increased (93%). The identity and potency of chems. identified as active varied across the assay battery, underscoring the need for use of a combination of diverse in vitro models to comprehensively screen chems. and identify those which potentially affect neurodevelopment. Overall, these data indicate that a battery of assays which address many different processes in nervous system development may be used to identify potential developmental neurotoxicants and to distinguish specific from generalized cytotoxic effects with a high degree of success.

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology published new progress about Apoptosis. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Formula: C7H17Cl2N2O3P.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Lutterbeck, Carlos Alexandre; Kern, Deivid Ismael; Machado, Enio Leandro; Kuemmerer, Klaus published the artcile< Evaluation of the toxic effects of four anti-cancer drugs in plant bioassays and its potency for screening in the context of waste water reuse for irrigation>, Product Details of C7H17Cl2N2O3P, the main research area is Lactuca Allium seedling anticancer drug toxicity potency; Anti-cancer drugs; Cytotoxicity; Genotoxicity; Mutagenicity; Phytotoxicity.

Anti-cancer drugs are compounds that are of high environmental relevance because of their lack of specific mode of action. They can be extremely harmful to living organisms even at low concentrations The present study evaluated the toxic effects of four frequently used anti-cancer drugs against plant seedlings, namely Cyclophosphamide (CP), Methotrexate (MTX), 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and Imatinib (IM). The phytotoxicity experiments were performed with Lactuca sativa seedlings whereas cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity investigations were performed with the well-established Allium cepa assays. MTX was the most phytotoxic compound, followed by 5-FU, CP and IM. Significant differences in the Mitotic Indexes (MI) were observed in three of the studied compounds (MTX, 5-FU and CP), indicating potential cytotoxic activity of these substances. Chromosome aberrations were registered in cells that were exposed to 5-FU, CP and IM. All the four compounds caused the formation of micronucleated cells indicating mutagenic potential. Besides, the assays performed with MTX samples presented a high number of cell apoptosis (cell death). Although it is unlikely that the pharmaceuticals concentrations measured in the environment could cause lethal effects in plants, the obtained results indicate that these compounds may affect the growth and normal development of these plants. So, both tests can constitute important tools for a fast screening of environmental contamination e.g. in the context of the reuse of treated wastewater and biosolids of agricultural purpose.

Chemosphere published new progress about Allium cepa. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Product Details of C7H17Cl2N2O3P.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Zhou, Ming; Yao, Yu; Han, Yutong; Xie, Lili; Zhao, Xueling; Barsan, Nicolae; Zhu, Zhigang published the artcile< Ultrasensitive gas sensor based on nanocube In2O3-CNH composite at low operating temperature>, Product Details of Cl3H8InO4, the main research area is Indium oxide carbon nanohorn composite ultrasensitive gas sensor.

A facile solvothermal route prepared In2O3/CNH nanocomposites with different CNH concentrations All nanocomposites’ structural and morphol. properties were investigated by XRD, FESEM, TEM, XPS, and BET. The H2S sensing performance of the sensors based on them was tested, operated between 40°C and 300°C. The results showed that the optimal composition is In2O3/CNH (2 wt%) with a sensor signal to 2 ppm H2S, at an operating temperature of 70°C, of almost 3000. The sensors demonstrated excellent selectivity, low impact of humidity and good reproducibility and stability. The superior sensor performance is related to the p-n junction formation between the CNH and In2O3, which determines the increase of the surface band bending and the sensor response. The gas sensing mechanism is thoroughly discussed, and the In2O3/CNH nanocomposite sensor can be considered an ideal candidate for high-performance detection of H2S with low-power consumption.

Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical published new progress about Band structure. 22519-64-8 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is Cl3H8InO4, Product Details of Cl3H8InO4.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Ning, Hui; Fei, Xiang; Tan, Zhonghao; Wang, Wenhang; Yang, Zhongxue; Wu, Mingbo published the artcile< In situ-fabricated In2S3-reduced graphene oxide nanosheet composites for enhanced CO2 electroreduction to formate>, Product Details of Cl3H8InO4, the main research area is indium trisulfide reduced graphene oxide nanosheet composite; electrochem reduction catalyst.

The use of renewable electricity to catalyze carbon dioxide reduction is a promising method for CO2 utilization. However, the lack of highly efficient catalysts for CO2 reduction seriously limits its industrial applications. As a prototype, an ultrathin indium sulfide nanosheet (In2S3 NS) was synthesized and fabricated in situ on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) to obtain an In2S3-RGO composite. Induced by the two-dimensional (2D) structure of graphene oxide, the thickness of the In2S3 NSs was reduced from 30.2 to 3.9 nm. Simultaneously, the (440) plane of In2S3 NSs was preferentially grown parallel to the graphene plane, which was proven to possess a higher selectivity in catalyzing CO2 electroreduction to formate than the (111) and (311) planes by d. functional theory calculations Attributed to the 2D structure and full exposure of the (440) planes, a large electrochem. active surface area and high d. of optimum active sites were both realized on the In2S3-RGO hybrids, leading to 91% faradaic efficiency of formate at -1.2 V vs. The reversible hydrogen electrode in 0.1 M KHCO3 is 3.5 times that of bulk In2S3 (26%). Our work provides an effective way to prepare 2D transition metal catalysts with controllable crystal face exposure for specific reactions.

ACS Applied Nano Materials published new progress about Density functional theory. 22519-64-8 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is Cl3H8InO4, Product Details of Cl3H8InO4.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics