Tag: M.W=250-300

Zeng, Chao; Hu, Yingmo published the artcile< Hydrothermal synthesis of a CoIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunctional photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution activity under visible light illumination>, Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks, the main research area is cobalt indium sulfide carbon nitride hydrogen heterojunction photocatalyst; hydrogen hydrothermal treatment photocatalytic activity.

CoIn2S4, a black semiconducting material, possesses an outstanding visible light response and is employed to modify g-C3N4. A series of CoIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunctional photocatalysts are synthesized via a hydrothermal method, whereby cubic CoIn2S4 nanosheets are in situ immobilized on the surfaces of porou g-C3N4 nanosheets. Compared with the pristine g-C3N4 and CoIn2S4, under visible light (λ> 420 nm) irradiation, the CoIn2S4/g-C3N4 composite samples show markedly enhanced photocatalytic activity in hydrogen evolution. Among all of the samples, the 30% CoIn2S4/g-C3N4 sample shows the maximum H2 evolution rates, 5.2 and 23.9 times higher than those of g-C3N4 and CoIn2S4, resp. The efficient photocatalytic activity of CoIn2S4/g-C3N4 composite photocatalysts is attributed to the formation of an intimate heterostructure, which not only significantly facilitates charge migration, but also enhances visible light absorption. Moreover, a plausible photocatalytic mechanism for the composite photocatalyst has been elucidated. This research provides a novel hint for fabricating visible-light-responsive heterojunction photocatalysts with high performance for energy production

Nanotechnology published new progress about Absorption. 22519-64-8 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is Cl3H8InO4, Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Kotova, N.; Hebert, N.; Haernwall, E.-L.; Vare, D.; Mazurier, C.; Douay, L.; Jenssen, D.; Grawe, J. published the artcile< A novel micronucleus in vitro assay utilizing human hematopoietic stem cells>, Product Details of C7H17Cl2N2O3P, the main research area is micronucleus assay human erythrocyte hematopoietic stem cell genotoxicity; Erythrocytes; Flow cytometry; Genotoxicity in vitro; Micronucleus test; Stem cells.

The induction of micronucleated reticulocytes in the bone marrow is a sensitive indicator of chromosomal damage. Therefore, the micronucleus assay in rodents is widely used in genotoxicity and carcinogenicity testing. A test system based on cultured human primary cells could potentially provide better prediction compared to animal tests, increasing patient safety while also implementing the 3Rs principle, i.e., replace, reduce and refine. Hereby, the authors describe the development of an in vitro micronucleus assay based on animal-free ex vivo culture of human red blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells. To validate the method, five clastogens with direct action, three clastogens requiring metabolic activation, four aneugenic and three non-genotoxic compounds have been tested. Also, different metabolic systems have been applied. Flow cytometry was used for detection and enumeration of micronuclei. Altogether, the results were in agreement with the published data and indicated that a sensitive and cost effective in vitro assay to assess genotoxicity with a potential to high-throughput screening has been developed.

Toxicology In Vitro published new progress about Aneugens. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Product Details of C7H17Cl2N2O3P.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Wang, Di; Li, Qian; Qu, Yidi; Wang, Mengya; Li, Lanzhou; Liu, Yang; Li, Yu published the artcile< The investigation of immunomodulatory activities of Gloeostereum incaratum polysaccharides in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression mice>, Application In Synthesis of 6055-19-2, the main research area is cyclophosphamide monohydrate mouse immunosuppression Gloeostereum polysaccharide immunomodulatory activity; Gloeostereum incaratum; cyclophosphamide; immunomodulatory effect; oxidative stress; polysaccharides.

Gloeostereum incarnatum, a precious edible mushroom, displays anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities; however, its immunomodulatory effect has not been studied yet. The present study aimed to investigate whether polysaccharide compositions of G. incarnatum polysaccharides possess immunomodulatory and immuno-enhancing effects in a Cyclophosphamide monohydrate -induced BALB/c mice model. The 28-day GIPS administration at doses of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.9 g/kg remarkably reversed the bodyweight loss, increased the thymic index and promoted T lymphocyte proliferation in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice. GIPS significantly raised the serum levels of IgA and IgG, promoted the production of interleukins , including IL-2, IL-3 and IL-6, interferons, including interferon IFN-α and IFN-γ, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in the spleen, which resulted in accelerating recovery of immunosuppression. Finally, GIPS showed anti-oxidative effects indicated by the increased superoxide dismutase levels in the serum and spleen, and the reduced level of reactive oxygen species in the spleen. The results of the current study demonstrated that GIPS pos. adjusts the immune system, which may serve as a potential immunostimulatory agent.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine published new progress about Cell proliferation. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Application In Synthesis of 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Qiu, Jianhao; Li, Ming; Xu, Jie; Zhang, Xiong-Fei; Yao, Jianfeng published the artcile< Bismuth sulfide bridged hierarchical Bi2S3/BiOCl@ZnIn2S4 for efficient photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction>, Product Details of Cl3H8InO4, the main research area is epitaxial heterostructure photocatalyst photocatalytic reduction wastewater treatment; Bi(2)S(3)/BiOCl@ZnIn(2)S(4); Epitaxial heterostructure; Intimate junction; Photocatalysis.

Delicate construction based on 2D epitaxial heterostructure can be an effective route to adequately excavate and utilize its superiorities. Here, a core-shell Bi2S3/BiOCl@ZnIn2S4 hierarchical heterostructure is rationally designed and built by Bi2S3 epitaxial growth on two-dimensional template-like BiOCl and ZnIn2S4 nanosheets in-situ growth. The epitaxial growth of Bi2S3 on BiOCl endows the tight contact between them. More importantly, Bi2S3 as the interlayer could offer an extra intimate junction to ZnIn2S4 due to the chem. interaction of S2- between Bi2S3 and ZnIn2S4. Such a Bi2S3/BiOCl@ZnIn2S4 composite was explored for visible-light-driven reduction of Cr(VI), and much satisfactory performance was achieved, which is about 3.3 and 24.1-fold increase compared to that of ZnIn2S4 and Bi2S3/BiOCl resp. Efficient generation, separation and transfer of photo-generated charge carriers inherited from this ternary hierarchical composite made significant contributions to the highly elevated photocatalytic activity. This work may stimulate the construction of multiple hierarchical composites based on 2D epitaxial heterostructure material for efficient photocatalysis or other optoelectronics.

Journal of Hazardous Materials published new progress about Photocatalysts. 22519-64-8 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is Cl3H8InO4, Product Details of Cl3H8InO4.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Kirkland, David; Aardema, Marilyn; Henderson, Leigh; Mueller, Lutz published the artcile< Evaluation of the ability of a battery of three in vitro genotoxicity tests to discriminate rodent carcinogens and non-carcinogens. I. Sensitivity, specificity and relative predictivity>, Electric Literature of 6055-19-2, the main research area is genotoxicity in vitro assay carcinogen noncarcinogen discrimination.

The performance of a battery of three of the most commonly used in vitro genotoxicity tests, i.e., Ames + mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) + in vitro micronucleus (MN) or chromosomal aberrations (CA) test, was evaluated for its ability to discriminate rodent carcinogens and non-carcinogens, from a large database of over 700 chems. compiled from the CPDB (“”Gold””), NTP, IARC and other publications. We re-evaluated many (113 MLA and 30 CA) previously published genotoxicity results in order to categories the performance of these assays using the response categories we established. The sensitivity of the three-test battery was high. Of the 553 carcinogens for which there were valid genotoxicity data, 93% of the rodent carcinogens evaluated in at least one assay gave pos. results in at least one of the three tests. Combinations of two and three test systems had greater sensitivity than individual tests resulting in sensitivities of around 90% or more, depending on test combination. Only 19 carcinogens (out of 206 tested in all three tests, considering CA and MN as alternatives) gave consistently neg. results in a full three-test battery. Most were either carcinogenic via a non-genotoxic mechanism (liver enzyme inducers, peroxisome proliferators, hormonal carcinogens) considered not necessarily relevant for humans, or were extremely weak (presumed) genotoxic carcinogens (e.g. N-nitrosodiphenylamine). Two carcinogens (5-chloro-o-toluidine, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane) may have a genotoxic element to their carcinogenicity and may have been expected to produce pos. results somewhere in the battery. We identified 183 chems. that were non-carcinogenic after testing in both male and female rats and mice. There were genotoxicity data on 177 of these. The specificity of the Ames test was reasonable (73.9%), but all mammalian cell tests had very low specificity (i.e. below 45%), and this declined to extremely low levels in combinations of two and three test systems. When all three tests were performed, 75-95% of non-carcinogens gave pos. (i.e. false pos.) results in at least one test in the battery. The extremely low specificity highlights the importance of understanding the mechanism by which genotoxicity may be induced (whether it is relevant for the whole animal or human) and using weight of evidence approaches to assess the carcinogenic risk from a pos. genotoxicity signal. It also highlights deficiencies in the current prediction from and understanding of such in vitro results for the in vivo situation. It may even signal the need for either a reassessment of the conditions and criteria for pos. results (cytotoxicity, solubility, etc.) or the development and use of a completely new set of in vitro tests (e.g. mutation in transgenic cell lines, systems with inherent metabolic activity avoiding the use of S9, measurement of genetic changes in more cancer-relevant genes or hotspots of genes, etc.). It was very difficult to assess the performance of the in vitro MN test, particularly in combination with other assays, because the published database for this assay is relatively small at this time. The specificity values for the in vitro MN assay may improve if data from a larger proportion of the known non-carcinogens becomes available, and a larger published database of results with the MN assay is urgently needed if this test is to be appreciated for regulatory use. However, specificity levels of <50% will still be unacceptable. Despite these issues, by adopting a relative predictivity (RP) measure (ratio of real:false results), it was possible to establish that pos. results in all three tests indicate the chem. is greater than three times more likely to be a rodent carcinogen than a non-carcinogen. Likewise, neg. results in all three tests indicate the chem. is greater than two times more likely to be a rodent non-carcinogen than a carcinogen. This RP measure is considered a useful tool for industry to assess the likelihood of a chem. possessing carcinogenic potential from batteries of pos. or neg. results. Mutation Research, Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis published new progress about Aflatoxins Role: ADV (Adverse Effect, Including Toxicity), BIOL (Biological Study) (crude). 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Electric Literature of 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Pasula, Chandra Sekhar; Tadakaluru, Yasodha Lakshmi; Sannidhi, Ranga Suresh; Pujari, Venkata Suresh Reddy; Chirumamilla, Venkata Satish Kumar; Yekkanti, Raja Ratna Reddy published the artcile< Comparative analysis of cyclophosphamide monohydrate clastogenicity and mutagenicity in healthy human lymphocytes and L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma cells>, Computed Properties of 6055-19-2, the main research area is human lymphocyte lymphoma cell cyclophosphamide monohydrate clastogenicity mutagenicity.

The study was conducted to evaluate and compare the clastogenicity and mutagenicity of cyclophosphamide monohydrate in In vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test (CAT) using cultured healthy human whole blood lymphocytes and In vitro Cell Gene Mutation Assay (CGM) using L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma cells as per OECD guidelines Number 473 & 476 resp., both in the presence (2%volume/volume) and absence of metabolic activation system. Cyclophosphamide monohydrate is mutagenic at the doses 1.95, 3.90, 7.81, 15.62 μg/mL in CGM and 15.62, 31.25, 62.5 μg/mL in CAT. Mutagenicity was observed only in the presence of metabolic activation system in both CGM and CAT. Cyclophosphamide monohydrates require metabolic activation for its mutagenicity in both the tests. A lower dose of cyclophosphamide monohydrate is mutagenic in CGM than CAT. Based on the pos. response of cyclophosphamide monohydrate in both Assays, colony sizing was performed in CGM, dose dependent increase in the small size colonies were observed Mutant cells that have suffered the most extensive genetic damage have prolonged doubling times and thus form small colonies. This damage typically ranges in scale from the losses of the entire gene to karyotypically visible chromosome aberrations. Small colony number data from CGM may provide clastogenicity details of test drug and provide the basis for the comparison, results correlation in CGM and CAT. Small colony number data of CGM may also provide the range of dose for CAT, before study conduct and provide scientific justification for step wise study selection to evaluate the genotoxicity of test drug.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences published new progress about Chromosome aberrations. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Computed Properties of 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Liu, Xiaojing; Sun, Xiaoli; Duan, Xinping; Zhang, Chong; Zhao, Kunrong; Xu, Xijin published the artcile< Core-shell Ag@In2O3 hollow hetero-nanostructures for selective ethanol detection in air>, Synthetic Route of 22519-64-8, the main research area is silver indium oxide hetero nanostructure air ethanol detection.

By applying the Ag@carbon nanospheres as self-sacrificial templates, Ag@In2O3 core-shell nanospheres (Ag@In2O3 CSNs) have been successfully prepared via the aging and subsequent annealing process. The formation and sensing performances of this Ag@In2O3 CSNs based sensor are systematically evaluated and analyzed in detail. Compared to pristine In2O3 nanospheres with solid and hollow inner structures, the as-prepared Ag@In2O3 CSNs exhibit the best response (∼72.56 to 50 ppm), especially in terms of the outstanding reusability as well as the excellent anti-interference to other biomarkers in human breath. Such virtues are owing to the unique structure (porous shell and internal voids) and the catalytic effect of encapsulated Ag nanoparticles, which provides considerable active centers and diffusion channels for ethanol. The investigation in this research may shed light on the fabrication of a novel In2O3-based nanocomposite for ethanol gas sensor detection.

Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical published new progress about Annealing. 22519-64-8 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is Cl3H8InO4, Synthetic Route of 22519-64-8.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Pasula, Chandra Sekhar; Tadakaluru, Yasodha Lakshmi; Sannidhi, Ranga Suresh; Pujari, Venkata Suresh Reddy; Chirumamilla, Venkata Satish Kumar; Reddy, Y. Raja Ratna published the artcile< Comparative analysis of cyclophosphamide monohydrate cytotoxicity in healthy human lymphocytes and L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma cells>, Product Details of C7H17Cl2N2O3P, the main research area is cyclophosphamide monohydrate cytotoxicity human lymphocyte TK lymphoma cell.

The study was conducted to evaluate and compare the cytotoxicity of cyclophosphamide monohydrate in In vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test (CAT) using cultured healthy human whole blood lymphocytes and In vitro Cell Gene Mutation Assay (CGM) using L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma cells as per OECD guidelines Number 473 & 476 resp., both in the presence (2%volume/volume) and absence of metabolic activation system. Cyclophosphamide monohydrate is cytotoxic at the doses 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25 μg/mL and non-cytotoxic at 15.62 μg/mL in CGM, where 250, 125, 62.5 μg/mL of doses are cytotoxic and 31.25, 15.62 μg/mL doses are non-cytotoxic in CAT, in the presence of metabolic activation system. Cytotoxicity was not observed in all the test doses 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.62 μg/mL, in the absence of metabolic activation system both in CGM and CAT. Cyclophosphamide monohydrates require metabolic activation for its cytotoxicity. A lower dose of cyclophosphamide monohydrate is cytotoxic in In vitro Cell Gene Mutation Assay (CGM) than Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test (CAT) In vitro. Cyclophosphamide monohydrate is non cytotoxic in both assays, in the absence of metabolic activation system indicates that metabolic activation system play a key role in the cytotoxicity of cyclophosphamide monohydrate.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences published new progress about Antitumor agents. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Product Details of C7H17Cl2N2O3P.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Laine, Ensio; Tuominen, Virpi; Jalonen, Hannu; Kahela, Paavo published the artcile< Effect of storage conditions on structure of cyclophosphamide>, Formula: C7H17Cl2N2O3P, the main research area is cyclophosphamide stability storage; dehydration cyclophosphamide monohydrate.

The effect of aging on the structure of cyclophosphamide (I) [50-18-0] was studied under different storage conditions. I hydrate [6055-19-2] is preserved as such if the relation humidity is >70% and the temperature is <30°, otherwise the monohydrate form will change to an anhydrous form. The monohydrate-anhydrous transition was reversible. Acta Pharmaceutica Fennica published new progress about Dehydration process. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Formula: C7H17Cl2N2O3P.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Zhao, Feng; Tan, Qi; Wang, Dahan; Deng, Guo-Jun published the artcile< Metal- and solvent-free direct C-H thiolation of aromatic compounds with sulfonyl chlorides>, Electric Literature of 5335-40-0, the main research area is arene aryl sulfonyl chloride thiolation; sulfide diaryl preparation.

A simple, efficient and green method for the direct thiolation of aromatic compounds using com. available sulfonyl chlorides as the sulfur source was developed under metal- and solvent-free conditions. The C-S bond was constructed via direct C-H functionalization of diverse aromatic compounds under an oxygen atm. In this process, various diaryl sulfides were synthesized in moderate to excellent yields. This protocol shows a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. Moreover, a gram-scale experiment was also conducted to prove the prospect of this method for the scale-up synthesis of diaryl sulfides. Mechanistic studies indicate that this procedure probably undergoes a radical pathway.

Green Chemistry published new progress about Aromatic compounds Role: RCT (Reactant), RACT (Reactant or Reagent). 5335-40-0 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H7ClO4S2, Electric Literature of 5335-40-0.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics