Tag: M.W=150-200

An article Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 3-[5-(aryl-[1,3,4]oxadiazole-2-yl]-piperidine derivatives as anticonvulsant and antidepressant agents WOS:000531825800011 published article about NIPECOTIC ACID-DERIVATIVES; ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS; DESIGN; MODEL; 1,3,4-OXADIAZOLE; TRANSPORTER; MECHANISMS; EPILEPSY in [Singh, Ravi Bhushan; Zaman, Kamaruz] Dibrugarh Univ, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India; [Das, Nirupam] Assam Univ, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, SSMPS, Silchar 788151, Assam, India; [Singh, Gireesh Kumar] Rajendra Inst Med Sci, Ranchi 834009, Jharkhand, India; [Singh, Sushil Kumar] Banaras Hindu Univ, Indian Inst Technol, Dept Pharmaceut Engn & Technol, Pharmaceut Chem Res Lab, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India in 2020, Cited 43. Computed Properties of C7H4Cl2O2. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0

In the present study, we have synthesized a series of fifteen nipecotic acid 1,3,4-oxadiazole based hybrids with significant (60-78%) yields. All the compounds were characterized by using different spectroanalytical techniques such as FT-IR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, and elemental analysis. This design strategy was validated by using in vivo anti-epileptic and anti-depressant bioassay models. Anti-convulsant activity was evaluated using subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol (scPTZ) in mice and MES induced seizure. Among a spectrum of activities, three compounds (4i, 4m, and 4n) displayed significant activity against pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ) induced seizures. No disruptions in motor co-ordination were observed in mice pretreated with the test compounds in the rotarod test. Their influence on the safety profile of elevated serum levels of biochemical markers such as hepatic and renal toxicity has been found to be safe. The derivatives also show marked anti-depressant activity, devoid of serotonergic augmentation as assessed using the despair swim test, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)-induced head twitch test and learned helplessness test. In silico docking studies targeted on homology modelled GABA transporter 1 (GAT1) protein shows the critical enzyme-ligand interactions leading to the inhibition of the GAT1 transporter. The compound 4m was found to be the most active compound among all the synthesized compounds. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.

Computed Properties of C7H4Cl2O2. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H4Cl2O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Recently I am researching about MASS-BALANCE MODEL; HEAVY-METALS; QUANTITATIVE WATER; MERCURY DYNAMICS; FUGACITY MODEL; TAIHU LAKE; SEDIMENT; BAY; CHEMICALS; WIND, Saw an article supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [51569019, 51339002, 51669022, 51509133]. Published in ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV in AMSTERDAM ,Authors: Liu, Y; Zhang, S; Li, CY; Shi, XH; Zhao, SN; Sun, B; Zhu, YH. The CAS is 50-30-6. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Name: 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid

Heavy metal pollution in lakes is becoming increasingly of interest to researchers. Because heavy metals have high mobility and do not degrade, they migrate easily between different environmental mediums through processes such as suspended solids deposition, sediment resuspension, and diffusion, among others. These processes are particularly pronounced in shallow lakes since the hydrodynamism is higher in bodies of water with minimal depth. Lake Ulansuhai a typical shallow lake in the Hetao irrigation district in Inner Mongolia-also experiences intense sandstorm activity, which compounds the suspended solids exchange intensity between water and sediment, strengthening the migration of heavy metals in the lake system. This study examines the fate and transport of two heavy metals-Zn and Pb-within this lake, using a field experiment to determine the flux of sediment re-suspension and deposition and a laboratory experiment to modify the QWASI model for shallow bodies of water. The aguivalence and mass balance approaches were used to develop this modified QWASI model. The margins of error between the modeled and the measured average concentrations of Zn and Pb in water were 5.0%-30.6% and 5.8%-29.5%, respectively, and in sediment were 0.3%-4.9% and 0.9-5.5%, respectively. These results suggest that the modified QWASI model developed here could indeed be used to more accurately represent the fate and transport of Zn and Pb during the icefree period of a shallow lake. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H4Cl2O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.. Name: 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

An article Three closely related 1-[(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-methyl]-4-(halobenzoyl)pinerazines: similar molecular structures but different intermolecular interactions WOS:000457717300021 published article about HYDROGEN-BOND PATTERNS; GRAPH-SET ANALYSIS; ABSOLUTE-STRUCTURE; PHENYLPHOSPHONIC ACID; 4,4′-SULFONYLDIPHENOL; 4,4′-THIODIPHENOL; PIRIBEDIL; ADDUCTS in [Mahesha, Ninganayaka; Sagar, Belakavadi K.; Yathirajan, Hemmige S.] Univ Mysore, Dept Studies Chem, Mysuru 570006, India; [Furuya, Tetsundo; Haraguchi, Tomoyuki; Akitsu, Takashiro] Tokyo Univ Sci, Fac Sci, Dept Chem, Shinjuku Ku, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Tokyo 1628601, Japan; [Glidewell, Christopher] Univ St Andrews, Sch Chem, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Fife, Scotland in 2019, Cited 27. Computed Properties of C7H4Cl2O2. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0

In each of the compounds 1-[(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl]-4-(3-fluorobenzoyl)piperazine, C19H19 FN2O3 (I), 1-[(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl]-4-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)piperazine, C19H18F2N2O3 (II), and 1-[(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl]-4-(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)piperazine, C19H19Cl2N2O3 (III), the piperazine rings adopt a chair conformation with the (1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl substituent occupying an equatorial site: the five-membered rings are all slightly folded across the O center dot center dot center dot O line leading to envelope conformations. The dihedral angle between the planar amidic fragment and the haloaryl ring is 62.97 (5)degrees in (I) but 77.72 (12)degrees and 75.50 (5)degrees in (II) and (III), respectively. Despite their similarity in constitution and conformation, the supramolecular interactions in (I)-(III) differ: in (I), a combination of C-H center dot center dot center dot O and C-H center dot center dot center dot pi(arene) hydrogen bonds links the molecules into a three-dimensional framework structure, but there are no hydrogen bonds of any sort in either (II) or (III), although the structure of (III) contains a short Cl center dot center dot center dot Cl contact between inversion-related pairs of molecules.

Computed Properties of C7H4Cl2O2. Welcome to talk about 50-84-0, If you have any questions, you can contact Mahesha, N; Sagar, BK; Yathirajan, HS; Furuya, T; Haraguchi, T; Akitsu, T; Glidewell, C or send Email.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Authors Mandal, S; Saha, S; Jana, CK in AMER CHEMICAL SOC published article about C-H FUNCTIONALIZATION; 3-COMPONENT POVAROV REACTION; MICROWAVE-ASSISTED SYNTHESIS; MULTICOMPONENT REACTIONS; TERTIARY-AMINES; STRAIGHTFORWARD ACCESS; VISIBLE-LIGHT; METAL; HETEROCYCLES; ACTIVATION in [Mandal, Sumana; Saha, Subhajit; Jana, Chandan K.] Indian Inst Technol Guwahati, Dept Chem, Gauhati 780139, Assam, India in 2020, Cited 89. Quality Control of 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0

A three-component annulation reaction of N-alkyl anilines, cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, and aryl aldehydes to julolidines and lilolidines is reported. The 6 pi-electrocyclization enabled the annulation to proceed with reversed regioselectivity as compared with the annulation that occurs in the Povarov reaction. Both cyclic and acyclic N-alkyl anilines participated in the reaction to provide a wide range of julolidines and lilolidines as the single regio- and diastereoisomers in good to excellent yields.

Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H4Cl2O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.. Quality Control of 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Recommanded Product: 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. In 2020 CHINESE CHEM LETT published article about HYDROXAMIC ACID-DERIVATIVES; DNA-REPAIR; ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY; KINASE INHIBITORS; CANCER; BINDING; ROLES; DNMT in [Dai, Qiuzi] Tsinghua Univ, Dept Chem, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China; [Dai, Qiuzi; Chen, Jiwei; Gao, Chunmei; Sun, Qinsheng; Yuan, Zigao; Jiang, Yuyang] Tsinghua Univ, Grad Sch Shenzhen, State Key Lab Chem Oncogen, Key Lab Chem Biol, Shenzhen 518055, Peoples R China; [Gao, Chunmei] Shenzhen Univ, Coll Chem & Chem Engn, Shenzhen 518060, Peoples R China; [Jiang, Yuyang] Tsinghua Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Pharmaceut Sci, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China in 2020, Cited 37. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0.

In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of phthalazinone acridine derivatives as dual PARP and Topo inhibitors. MTF assays indicated that most of the compounds significantly inhibited multiple cancer cells proliferation. In addition, all the compounds displayed Topo II inhibition activity at 10 mol/L, and also possessed good PARP-1 inhibitory activities. Subsequent mechanistic studies showed that compound 9a induced remarkable apoptosis and caused prominent S cell cycle arrest in HCT116 cells. Our study suggested that 9a inhibiting Topo and PARP concurrently can be a potential lead compound for cancer therapy. (C) 2019 Chinese Chemical Society and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Recommanded Product: 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H4Cl2O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Recently I am researching about POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; RESOURCE UTILIZATION; IMPACT; MANAGEMENT; INFECTIONS; PATHOGENS; DIAGNOSIS; OUTCOMES; UTILITY; CARE, Saw an article supported by the . Application In Synthesis of 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Published in GEORG THIEME VERLAG KG in STUTTGART ,Authors: Escovedo, C; Bell, D; Cheng, E; Garner, O; Ziman, A; Vangala, S; Gounder, P; Lerner, C. The CAS is 50-30-6. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid

Objective A growing body of evidence suggests that testing for influenza virus alone is more appropriate than multiplex respiratory viral panel (RVP) testing for general populations of patients with respiratory tract infections. We aimed to decrease the proportion of RVPs out of total respiratory viral testing ordered during influenza season. Methods We implemented two consecutive interventions: reflex testing for RVPs only after a negative influenza test, and noninterruptive clinical decision support (CDS) including modifications of the computerized physician order entry search behavior and cost display. We conducted an interrupted time series of RVPs and influenza polymerase chain reaction tests pre- and postintervention, and performed a mixed-effects logistic regression analysis with a primary outcome of proportion of RVPs out of total respiratory viral tests. The primary predictor was the intervention period, and covariates included the provider, clinical setting, associated diagnoses, and influenza incidence. Results From March 2013 to April 2019, there were 24,294 RVPs and 26,012 influenza tests ( n = 50,306). Odds of ordering an RVP decreased during the reflex testing period (odds ratio: 0.432, 95% confidence interval: 0.397-0.469), and decreased more dramatically during the noninterruptive CDS period (odds ratio: 0.291, 95% confidence interval: 0.259-0.327). Discussion The odds of ordering an RVP were 71% less with the noninterruptive CDS intervention, which projected 4,773 fewer RVPs compared with baseline. Assuming a cost equal to Medicare reimbursement rates for RVPs and influenza tests, this would generate an estimated averted cost of $1,259,474 per year. Conclusion Noninterruptive CDS interventions are effective in reducing unnecessary and expensive testing, and avoid typical pitfalls such as alert fatigue.

Application In Synthesis of 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Welcome to talk about 50-30-6, If you have any questions, you can contact Escovedo, C; Bell, D; Cheng, E; Garner, O; Ziman, A; Vangala, S; Gounder, P; Lerner, C or send Email.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Recommanded Product: 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. In 2019.0 CHEMOSPHERE published article about SURFACE COMPLEXATION; MINERAL SURFACES; ORGANIC-ACIDS; LINEAR ALKYLBENZENESULFONATES; PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS; COMPETITIVE SORPTION; CARBON NANOTUBES; PHTHALIC-ACID; IRON-OXIDES; ATR-FTIR in [Yu, Chenglong; Bi, Erping] China Univ Geosci Beijing, Sch Water Resources & Environm, 29 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China; [Yu, Chenglong; Bi, Erping] China Univ Geosci Beijing, MOE Key Lab Groundwater Circulat & Environm Evolu, 29 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China; [Devlin, J. F.] Univ Kansas, Dept Geol, Lindley Hall,1475 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA in 2019.0, Cited 45.0. The Name is 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-30-6.

Adsorption of a diverse set of chemicals onto goethite was evaluated by column chromatography. The pH of the effluents was 4.7-5.2. Van der Waals forces dominate the exothermic adsorption of 8 nonpolar compounds (e.g., PAHs and chlorobenzenes). H-bonding is responsible for the adsorption of 32 mono-carboxylic acids (i.e., benzoic acids, naphthoic acids and acidic pharmaceuticals) and their adsorption tends to be endothermic. Steric effects significantly decreased the bonding of monocarboxylic acids with ortho-substitutions. Exothermic adsorption of 10 monophenols is controlled by weak H-bonding. Bonding of these 50 solutes onto goethite is totally reversible. In contrast, inner-sphere complexation of phthalic acid and chlortetracycline with goethite occurred according to their low desorption ratio (1.1%-54.4%). Polyparameter linear free energy relationship (PP-LFER) models were established to provide acceptable fitting results of the goethite-solute distribution coefficients (RMSE = 0.32 and 0.30 at 25 degrees C and 5 degrees C, respectively). It is worthy to note that steric effects must be considered to get a better prediction for compounds with ortho-substitutions. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Recommanded Product: 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H4Cl2O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

An article A Strategy for Accessing Aldehydes via Palladium-Catalyzed C-O/C-N Bond Cleavage in the Presence of Hydrosilanes WOS:000585233400001 published article about HIGHLY EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS; CROSS-COUPLING REACTIONS; CARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; DECARBONYLATIVE BORYLATION; AMIDES; REDUCTION; ESTERS; CHLORIDES; TRANSAMIDATION; HYDROGENATION in [He, Zhanyu; Wang, Zijia; Ru, Junxiang; Wang, Yulin; Liu, Tingting; Zeng, Zhuo] South China Normal Univ, Sch Chem, Guangzhou 510006, Peoples R China; [Zeng, Zhuo] Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Inst Organ Chem, Key Lab Organofluorine Chem, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai 200032, Peoples R China in 2020.0, Cited 80.0. The Name is 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-30-6. Recommanded Product: 50-30-6

We report the catalytic reduction of both active esters and amides by selective C(acyl)-X (X=O, N) cleavage to access aldehyde functionality via a palladium-catalyzed strategy. Reactions are promoted by hydrosilanes as reducing reagents with good to excellent yields and with excellent chemoselectivity for C(acyl)-N and C(acyl)-O bond cleavage. Carboxylic acid C(acyl)-O bonds are activated by 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (CDMT) to form triazine ester intermediates, which further react with hydrosilanes to yield aldehydes in one-pot two-step procedures. We demonstrate that C(acyl)-O cleavage/formylation offers higher yields and broader substrate scopes compared with C(acyl)-N cleavage under the same reaction conditions.

Recommanded Product: 50-30-6. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H4Cl2O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

An article Noninterruptive Clinical Decision Support Decreases Ordering of Respiratory Viral Panels during Influenza Season WOS:000531597900002 published article about POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; RESOURCE UTILIZATION; IMPACT; MANAGEMENT; INFECTIONS; PATHOGENS; DIAGNOSIS; OUTCOMES; UTILITY; CARE in [Escovedo, Cameron; Lerner, Carlos] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Pediat, 10833 Le Conte Ave 12-358 MDCC, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA; [Bell, Douglas] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA; [Cheng, Eric] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA; [Garner, Omai; Ziman, Alyssa] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Los Angeles, CA USA; [Vangala, Sitaram] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med Stat Core, Los Angeles, CA USA; [Gounder, Prabhu] Cty Los Angeles Publ Hlth, Acute Communicable Dis Control, Los Angeles, CA USA in 2020.0, Cited 29.0. Recommanded Product: 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. The Name is 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-30-6

Objective A growing body of evidence suggests that testing for influenza virus alone is more appropriate than multiplex respiratory viral panel (RVP) testing for general populations of patients with respiratory tract infections. We aimed to decrease the proportion of RVPs out of total respiratory viral testing ordered during influenza season. Methods We implemented two consecutive interventions: reflex testing for RVPs only after a negative influenza test, and noninterruptive clinical decision support (CDS) including modifications of the computerized physician order entry search behavior and cost display. We conducted an interrupted time series of RVPs and influenza polymerase chain reaction tests pre- and postintervention, and performed a mixed-effects logistic regression analysis with a primary outcome of proportion of RVPs out of total respiratory viral tests. The primary predictor was the intervention period, and covariates included the provider, clinical setting, associated diagnoses, and influenza incidence. Results From March 2013 to April 2019, there were 24,294 RVPs and 26,012 influenza tests ( n = 50,306). Odds of ordering an RVP decreased during the reflex testing period (odds ratio: 0.432, 95% confidence interval: 0.397-0.469), and decreased more dramatically during the noninterruptive CDS period (odds ratio: 0.291, 95% confidence interval: 0.259-0.327). Discussion The odds of ordering an RVP were 71% less with the noninterruptive CDS intervention, which projected 4,773 fewer RVPs compared with baseline. Assuming a cost equal to Medicare reimbursement rates for RVPs and influenza tests, this would generate an estimated averted cost of $1,259,474 per year. Conclusion Noninterruptive CDS interventions are effective in reducing unnecessary and expensive testing, and avoid typical pitfalls such as alert fatigue.

Recommanded Product: 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Welcome to talk about 50-30-6, If you have any questions, you can contact Escovedo, C; Bell, D; Cheng, E; Garner, O; Ziman, A; Vangala, S; Gounder, P; Lerner, C or send Email.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Recommanded Product: 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. In 2019 FITOTERAPIA published article about PANAX-GINSENG; IN-VITRO; ANTITUMOR EVALUATION; ANTICANCER ACTIVITY; PROSTATE-CANCER; GINSENOSIDES; DERIVATIVES; PROLIFERATION; SEMISYNTHESIS; APOPTOSIS in [Lv, Liyan; Piao, Huri] Yanbian Univ, Key Lab Nat Resources Changbai Mt & Funct Mol, Minist Educ, Coll Pharm, Yanji 133002, Peoples R China; [Lv, Liyan; Lu, Jincai] Shenyang Pharmaceut Univ, Dept Med Plant, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, Peoples R China; [Zhang, Hongyu; Wang, Xude; Su, Guangyue; Zhao, Yuqing] Shenyang Pharmaceut Univ, Sch Funct Food & Wine, Shenyang, Liaoning, Peoples R China; [Zhao, Yuqing] Shenyang Pharmaceut Univ, Key Lab Struct Based Drug Design & Discovery, Minist Educ, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, Peoples R China in 2019, Cited 36. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0.

20(R)-25-hydroxyprotopanaxadiol (25-OH-PPD) is a natural compound showing a variety of anti-tumor effects. In an attempt to search for a new anti-cancer compound with higher antitumor activities, we designed and synthesized a series of 25-OH-PPD derivatives. Cytotoxicity assay of these derivatives towards MCF-7, A549, U87, HO-8901, Hela cancer cell lines and normal IOSE144 cell lines were tested by MTF assay. Results showed that compared with compound 25-OH-PPD, Compounds 4, 5, 6, 10, 11 showed strong anticancer activity, and all compounds showed low toxicity or no toxicity for normal cells. In particular, compound 6 exhibited the best anti-tumor activity in all cancer cell lines (MCF-7, A549, U87, HO-8901, and Hela) with IC50 values of 5.04 mu M, 1.36 mu M, 3.24 mu M, 3.47 mu M, 4.57 mu M, respectively. Among the five cell lines, all the compounds showed strong inhibition on A549 cells. Further studies showed that Compound 6 significantly inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells by inducing apoptosis. Our results indicate that Compound 6 is a potential anticancer inhibitor and provides a theoretical basis for further research.

Welcome to talk about 50-84-0, If you have any questions, you can contact Lv, LY; Lu, JC; Zhang, HY; Wang, XD; Su, GY; Piao, HR; Zhao, YQ or send Email.. Recommanded Product: 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics