Some scientific research about C7H8ClN

Recommanded Product: 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. About 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline, If you have any questions, you can contact Guo, HC; Zheng, RH; Jiang, HJ; Xu, ZY; Xia, AB or concate me.

Recommanded Product: 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. I found the field of Chemistry very interesting. Saw the article Preparation of sub-microspherical Fe3O4@PDA-Pd NPs catalyst and application in catalytic hydroreduction reaction of halogenated aromatic nitro compounds to prepare halogenated aromatic amines published in 2019, Reprint Addresses Xia, AB (corresponding author), Zhejiang Univ Technol, Catalyt Hydrogenat Res Ctr, Zhejiang Key Lab Green Pesticides & Cleaner Prod, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, Peoples R China.. The CAS is 87-63-8. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline.

Background The side reactions of dehalogenation or C-N coupling tend to occur when halogenated aromatic amines are prepared by catalytic hydrogenation reduction of halogenated aromatic nitro compounds. In this paper, we prepared the sub-microspherical Fe3O4@PDA-Pd NPs catalyst apply it efficiently in the hydrogenation reduction of halogenated aromatic nitro compounds to prepare the halogenated aromatic amines under atmospheric pressure. The catalyst shows a high selectivity of greater than 96% and can effectively inhibit the occurrence of the side reactions of dehalogenation and C-N coupling. Results The optimum condition of the hydroreduction reaction is when tetrahydrofuran is used as solvent and the reaction happens at 50 degrees C for 5 h. The selectivity of the chlorinated aromatic amine and the fluorinated aromatic amine products exceed 99% and the yield exceeds 90%. Only a small amount of dehalogenated products and C-N coupling by-products were produced in the brominated aromatic compound and the iodinated aromatic compound. Conclusion We developed a promising method for preparing the superparamagnetic and strongly magnetic Fe3O4@PDA core-shell sub-microsphere-supported nano-palladium catalyst for catalyzing the hydrogenation reduction of halogenated aromatic nitro compounds. The halogenated aromatic amines were efficiently and highly selectively prepared under atmospheric pressure, with the side reactions of dehalogenation and C-N coupling effectively inhabited simultaneously.

Recommanded Product: 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. About 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline, If you have any questions, you can contact Guo, HC; Zheng, RH; Jiang, HJ; Xu, ZY; Xia, AB or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; ASTRAZENECA AB; NPS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.; WO2006/20879; (2006); A1;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

What kind of challenge would you like to see in a future of compound:C7H8ClN

Computed Properties of C7H8ClN. About 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline, If you have any questions, you can contact Colomer, I or concate me.

An article Hydroarylation of Alkenes Using Anilines in Hexafluoroisopropanol WOS:000538766900008 published article about HYDROGEN-EXCHANGE; AROMATIC-AMINES; SUBSTITUTED DIALKYLANILINES; ALKYLATION; ACTIVATION; MECHANISM; ACID in [Colomer, Ignacio] Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Organ Chem, Madrid 28049, Spain; [Colomer, Ignacio] IMDEA Nanociencia, Madrid 28049, Spain in 2020, Cited 65. The Name is 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 87-63-8. Computed Properties of C7H8ClN

Providing new methods for the selective functionalization of small molecules is highly desirable, because installing molecular diversity in a desired position, for example, allows one to modulate bioactive molecules. This work reports a method for the selective functionalization of anilines using hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as a solvent to promote an acid-catalyzed hydroarylation of olefins. Mechanistic experiments revealed that HFIP both protonates the alkene and selectively enables anilines toward the electrophilic aromatic substitution. This powerful strategy has been applied to the functionalization of the anti-inflammatory mefenamic acid with chemocontrol and regiocontrol.

Computed Properties of C7H8ClN. About 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline, If you have any questions, you can contact Colomer, I or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; ASTRAZENECA AB; NPS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.; WO2006/20879; (2006); A1;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Discovery of C7H7Cl

Safety of 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. About 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene, If you have any questions, you can contact De la Fuente-Olvera, AA; Suarez-Castillo, OR; Mendoza-Espinosa, D or concate me.

I found the field of Chemistry very interesting. Saw the article Synthesis and Catalytic Applications of Palladium(II) Complexes Supported by Hydroxyl-Functionalized Triazolylidenes published in 2019. Safety of 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene, Reprint Addresses Mendoza-Espinosa, D (corresponding author), Univ Autonoma Estado Hidalgo, Area Acad Quim, Carretera Pachuca Tulancingo Km 4-5, Mineral De La Reforma 42090, Hidalgo, Mexico.. The CAS is 95-49-8. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

A series of allyl (1-3) and cinnamyl (4-6) palladium(II) complexes supported by hydroxyl functionalized triazolylidenes have been prepared. All new compounds were fully characterized by means of H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy, FT-IR and elemental analyses. The new triazolylidene palladium complexes were tested as precatalysts in the coupling of aryl chlorides with boronic acids and the coupling of esters with amines to produce biphenyls and amides, respectively. According to the overall results, complexes 4 and 5 displayed the highest catalytic activity in both coupling processes, providing good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions and using a wide range of substrates.

Safety of 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. About 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene, If you have any questions, you can contact De la Fuente-Olvera, AA; Suarez-Castillo, OR; Mendoza-Espinosa, D or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; Nanjing Zhongteng Chemical Co., Ltd.; Zhong Hua; Lu Minshan; Chen Xiuzhen; Liu Qiaobao; Yin Hengbo; Wang Aili; (8 pag.)CN104876790; (2017); B;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

What I Wish Everyone Knew About C7H8ClN

Application In Synthesis of 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. About 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline, If you have any questions, you can contact Gerhardt, F; Petroff, D; Blank, V; Bohlig, A; van Bommel, F; Wittekind, C; Berg, T; Karlas, T; Wiegand, J or concate me.

An article Biopsy rate and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) WOS:000542449900001 published article about FIBROSIS; MANAGEMENT; ASSOCIATION; VALIDATION; SYSTEM; SCORE; EASD in [Gerhardt, Florian; Blank, Valentin; Boehlig, Albrecht; van Boemmel, Florian; Berg, Thomas; Karlas, Thomas; Wiegand, Johannes] Univ Hosp Leipzig, Clin & Polyclin Oncol Gastroenterol Hepatol Pneum, Liebigstr 20, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; [Petroff, David] Univ Leipzig, Clin Trial Ctr Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; [Blank, Valentin] Univ Leipzig, Integrated Res & Treatment Ctr Adipos Dis, Leipzig, Germany; [Wittekind, Christian] Univ Hosp Leipzig, Inst Pathol, Leipzig, Germany in 2020, Cited 30. The Name is 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 87-63-8. Application In Synthesis of 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline

Background:Licensed therapies for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) do not yet exist, but clinical trials are testing treatment options. Inclusion criteria often require liver biopsy showing fibrosis (F2/3) or cirrhosis (F4) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, histological criteria pose a serious obstacle for recruitment. Aims:Characterize the relevance of liver biopsies in the selection of patients with NAFLD. Methods:Patients between 2013 and 2018 with the ICD-10 code K76.0 were analyzed. Fibrosis was defined by the NASH clinical research network (CRN) fibrosis staging system, NASH by a NAFLD activity score (NAS) >= 4. Predictive factors were determined by logistic regression. Results:Liver biopsy was performed in 87/638 (13.6%) patients (49% female, age 52.5 +/- 14.0, BMI 30.4 +/- 5.9 kg/m(2)). Fibrosis stage F0/F1/F2/F3/F4 was observed inN = 7/47/7/17/9, an NAS >= 4 inN = 27. Fibrosis stage F2/F3 and F4 along with NAS >= 4 was found in 1.7% and 0.5% of cases. Liver stiffness measurement, LSM (OR 2.3 per doubling of value; CI 1.3-4.4,p = .005) and FIB-4 (OR 2.3 per doubling of value; CI 1.2-4.4,p = .012) were significant predictors for fibrosis >= F2. Predictive factors for NASH were not identified. Conclusion:The biopsy rate in NAFLD patients is low and fibrosis >= F2 along with NAS >= 4 only present in a few cases. Transient elastography and FIB-4 are useful to select patients at risk for fibrosis for liver biopsy.

Application In Synthesis of 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. About 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline, If you have any questions, you can contact Gerhardt, F; Petroff, D; Blank, V; Bohlig, A; van Bommel, F; Wittekind, C; Berg, T; Karlas, T; Wiegand, J or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; ASTRAZENECA AB; NPS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.; WO2006/20879; (2006); A1;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

More research is needed about 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

About 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene, If you have any questions, you can contact Mishra, V; Thomas, JM; Chinnappan, S; Thirupathi, N or concate me.. Recommanded Product: 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

I found the field of Chemistry very interesting. Saw the article Homoleptic cis- and trans-palladium(II) bis(guanidinato) complexes derived from N-aryl-N ‘,N ”-di(pyridin-2-yl)- and N-aryl-N ‘,N ”-bis(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)guanidines: Catalysts for Heck-Mizoroki coupling reactions published in 2019.0. Recommanded Product: 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene, Reprint Addresses Thirupathi, N (corresponding author), Univ Delhi, Dept Chem, Delhi 110007, India.. The CAS is 95-49-8. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

N-Aryl-N’,N ‘-di(pyridin-2-yl)-and N-aryl-N’,N ”-bis(6-methylpyridin-2-yl) guanidines (1-4 and 5-7) were isolated in 75%-81% yields. Reactions of Pd(OAc)(2) with guanidines 2-7 carried out separately in toluene at 60 degrees C for 3 h afforded 8-13 respectively in 69%-80% yields. Compounds 1-13 were characterized by elemental analyses, HR-MS, IR and NMR (H-1 and C-13) spectroscopy. Molecular structures of guanidines 1, 4, 5 and 6 and those of 8-13 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The Pd(II) atom in 8-10 revealed trans geometry while that in 11-13 revealed cis geometry. DFT calculations were carried out on model compounds 9a (trans) and its hypothetical cis isomer, 9b and 12a (cis) and its hypothetical trans isomer 12b which indicated a very small energy difference between the 9a/9b pair (1.28 kcal/mol) whereas a large energy difference was observed between the 12a/12b pair (26.38 kcal/mol) in CH2Cl2. The catalytic utility of 9 in Heck-Mizoroki coupling reactions involving styrene and methyl acrylate and aryl bromides/aryl chlorides in the presence of NaOAc and excess of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) at 120 degrees C was explored. Both activated and de-activated aryl bromides and aryl chlorides were coupled with styrene and in addition, the aryl chlorides were coupled with methyl acrylate in the presence of 9 to afford the respective coupling products in 68% – > 99% yields. Neat reaction carried out with 9 and TBAB under the optimized condition released the colloidal Pd black as verified by EDAX, PXRD and SEM techniques thereby implying the heterogeneous nature of catalysis. (c) 2019 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

About 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene, If you have any questions, you can contact Mishra, V; Thomas, JM; Chinnappan, S; Thirupathi, N or concate me.. Recommanded Product: 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

Reference:
Patent; Nanjing Zhongteng Chemical Co., Ltd.; Zhong Hua; Lu Minshan; Chen Xiuzhen; Liu Qiaobao; Yin Hengbo; Wang Aili; (8 pag.)CN104876790; (2017); B;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

How did you first get involved in researching 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline

About 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline, If you have any questions, you can contact Dinh, AN; Maddox, SM; Vaidya, SD; Saputra, MA; Nalbandian, CJ; Gustafson, JL or concate me.. SDS of cas: 87-63-8

SDS of cas: 87-63-8. Authors Dinh, AN; Maddox, SM; Vaidya, SD; Saputra, MA; Nalbandian, CJ; Gustafson, JL in AMER CHEMICAL SOC published article about in [Dinh, Andrew N.; Maddox, Sean M.; Vaidya, Sagar D.; Saputra, Mirza A.; Nalbandian, Christopher J.; Gustafson, Jeffrey L.] San Diego State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, San Diego, CA 92182 USA in 2020, Cited 54. The Name is 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 87-63-8

We report a highly efficient ortho-selective electrophilic chlorination of phenols utilizing a Lewis basic selenoether catalyst. The selenoether catalyst resulted in comparable selectivities to our previously reported bis-thiourea ortho-selective catalyst, with a catalyst loading as low as 1%. The new catalytic system also allowed us to extend this chemistry to obtain excellent ortho-selectivities for unprotected anilines. The selectivities of this reaction are up to >20:1 ortho/para, while the innate selectivities for phenols and anilines are approximately 1:4 ortho/para. A series of preliminary studies revealed that the substrates require a hydrogen-bonding moiety for selectivity.

About 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline, If you have any questions, you can contact Dinh, AN; Maddox, SM; Vaidya, SD; Saputra, MA; Nalbandian, CJ; Gustafson, JL or concate me.. SDS of cas: 87-63-8

Reference:
Patent; ASTRAZENECA AB; NPS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.; WO2006/20879; (2006); A1;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Discover the magic of the 87-63-8

Recommanded Product: 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. About 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline, If you have any questions, you can contact Colomer, I or concate me.

An article Hydroarylation of Alkenes Using Anilines in Hexafluoroisopropanol WOS:000538766900008 published article about HYDROGEN-EXCHANGE; AROMATIC-AMINES; SUBSTITUTED DIALKYLANILINES; ALKYLATION; ACTIVATION; MECHANISM; ACID in [Colomer, Ignacio] Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Organ Chem, Madrid 28049, Spain; [Colomer, Ignacio] IMDEA Nanociencia, Madrid 28049, Spain in 2020, Cited 65. Recommanded Product: 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. The Name is 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 87-63-8

Providing new methods for the selective functionalization of small molecules is highly desirable, because installing molecular diversity in a desired position, for example, allows one to modulate bioactive molecules. This work reports a method for the selective functionalization of anilines using hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as a solvent to promote an acid-catalyzed hydroarylation of olefins. Mechanistic experiments revealed that HFIP both protonates the alkene and selectively enables anilines toward the electrophilic aromatic substitution. This powerful strategy has been applied to the functionalization of the anti-inflammatory mefenamic acid with chemocontrol and regiocontrol.

Recommanded Product: 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. About 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline, If you have any questions, you can contact Colomer, I or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; ASTRAZENECA AB; NPS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.; WO2006/20879; (2006); A1;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Interesting scientific research on 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline

About 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline, If you have any questions, you can contact Zhang, P; Zhao, XM or concate me.. Computed Properties of C7H8ClN

An article Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Bioactivity Evaluation of a Heterocyclic Compound WOS:000581015600019 published article about MESENCHYMAL STEM-CELLS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; DENTAL-PULP; REGENERATION in [Zhang Peng; Zhao Xiao-Mei] Shaanxi Univ Chinese Med, Sch Pharm, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi, Peoples R China in 2020, Cited 15. Computed Properties of C7H8ClN. The Name is 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 87-63-8

The heterocyclic compound 2-amino-N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)thiazole-5-carboxamide (1), designed using 2-chloro-6-methylaniline (2) as the start material, was successfully obtained via multiple synthesis route and finally characterized by IR, H-1 NMR, and single-cystal X-ray crystallography. To select the suitable candidates for tissue regeneration, the induction activity of the compound on the dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells (DP-MSCs) was evaluated. Firstly, the DP-MSCs cells were isolated and the cell colon formation ability was measured after compound treatment with cell colony determination. After that, the RT-PCT assay was conducted and the relative expression level of the genes related with cell osteogenesis and proliferation was further detected.

About 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline, If you have any questions, you can contact Zhang, P; Zhao, XM or concate me.. Computed Properties of C7H8ClN

Reference:
Patent; ASTRAZENECA AB; NPS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.; WO2006/20879; (2006); A1;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Downstream Synthetic Route Of C7H7Cl

Name: 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. About 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene, If you have any questions, you can contact Merli, D; Speltini, A; Dondi, D; Longhi, D; Milanese, C; Profumo, A or concate me.

An article Intermolecular interactions of substituted benzenes on multi-walled carbon nanotubes grafted on HPLC silica microspheres and interaction study through artificial neural networks WOS:000466872200010 published article about PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; STATIONARY-PHASE; QSAR; FUNCTIONALIZATION; MECHANISM; COLUMNS; ACIDS in [Merli, Daniele; Speltini, Andrea; Dondi, Daniele; Longhi, Diego; Milanese, Chiara; Profumo, Antonella] Univ Pavia, Dept Chem, Via Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy in 2019.0, Cited 48.0. The Name is 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 95-49-8. Name: 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

Purified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) grafted onto silica microspheres by gamma-radiation were applied as a HPLC stationary phase for investigating the intermolecular interactions between MWCNTs and substituted benzenes. The synthetic route, simple and not requiring CNTs derivatization, involved no alteration of the nanotube original morphology and physical-chemical properties. The affinity of a set of substituted benzenes for the MWCNTs was studied by correlating the capacity factor (k’) of each probe to its physico-chemical characteristics (calculated by Density Functional Theory). The correlation was found through a theoretical approach based on feedforward neural networks. This strategy was adopted because today these calculations are easily affordable for small molecules (like the analytes), and many critical parameters needed are not known. This might increase the applicability of the proposed method to other cases of study. Moreover, it was seen that the normal linear fit does not provide a good model. The interaction on the MWCNT phase was compared to that of an octadecyl (C18) reversed phase, under the same elution conditions. Results from trained neural networks indicated that the main role in the interactions between the analytes and the stationary phases is due to dipole moment, polarizability and LUMO energy. As expected for the C18 stationary phase correlation, is due to dipole moment and polarizability, while for the MWCNT stationary phase primarily to LUMO energy followed by polarizability, evidence for a specific interaction between MWCNTs and analytes. The CNT-based hybrid material proved to be not only a chromatographic phase but also a useful tool to investigate the MWCNT-molecular interactions with variously substituted benzenes. (C) 2015 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.

Name: 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. About 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene, If you have any questions, you can contact Merli, D; Speltini, A; Dondi, D; Longhi, D; Milanese, C; Profumo, A or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; Nanjing Zhongteng Chemical Co., Ltd.; Zhong Hua; Lu Minshan; Chen Xiuzhen; Liu Qiaobao; Yin Hengbo; Wang Aili; (8 pag.)CN104876790; (2017); B;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

The Shocking Revelation of C7H7Cl

Name: 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. About 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene, If you have any questions, you can contact Cordero, JA; He, K; Okuta, E; Echigo, S; Itoh, S or concate me.

Cordero, JA; He, K; Okuta, E; Echigo, S; Itoh, S in [Cordero, Jose Andres; Okuta, Erika; Echigo, Shinya; Itoh, Sadahiko] Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Environm Engn, Nishikyo Ku, Kyoto 6158540, Japan; [He, Kai] Kyoto Univ, Res Ctr Environm Qual Management, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 5200811, Japan; [Echigo, Shinya] Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Wako, Saitama 3510197, Japan published Effect of biodegradation on haloacetic acid formation potentials of anthropogenic compounds during chlorination in 2020.0, Cited 53.0. Name: 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. The Name is 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 95-49-8.

During drinking water treatment processes, anthropogenic compounds act as important precursors of disinfection by-products such as haloacetic acids (HAAs). Several transformations in these precursors occur prior to the disinfection stage, such as partial biodegradation. We hypothesized that this partial biodegradation of anthropogenic compounds potentially affects their HAA formation potentials (HAAFPs). In this study, the HAAFPs of 51 anthropogenic compounds after short-term contact (less than 1 h) and long-term contact (24 h) with activated sludge were compared. Considerable changes were observed particularly in trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) formation potentials (FPs) of phenols, demonstrating that biodegradation should be considered in investigations of potential precursors of HAAs. Phenols with low HAAFPs, such as hydroquinone, show higher HAAFPs after biodegradation, but HAAFPs of most phenols and anilines decreased after biodegradation. Thus, biodegradation will most likely have a positive impact on water quality from the standpoint of HAAFP reduction. For most aliphatic compounds, changes in HAAFP were negligible, but the dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) FP of acrylic acid largely increased. This study illustrates that biodegradation may have a large effect on the HAAFPs of anthropogenic compounds.

Name: 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. About 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene, If you have any questions, you can contact Cordero, JA; He, K; Okuta, E; Echigo, S; Itoh, S or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; Nanjing Zhongteng Chemical Co., Ltd.; Zhong Hua; Lu Minshan; Chen Xiuzhen; Liu Qiaobao; Yin Hengbo; Wang Aili; (8 pag.)CN104876790; (2017); B;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics