Tag: 300-400

Synthesis, aggregation and adsorption behavior of benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium based double-chained metallosurfactants was written by Wagay, Tariq Ahmad;Askari, Hassan;Ismail, K.. And the article was included in Journal of Molecular Liquids in 2020.Safety of N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium (BDHA) based double-chained metallosurfactants, BDHA₂[MCl₄] (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) were synthesized and characterized by elemental anal., NMR (¹H, ¹³C) and FT-IR spectroscopy. Thermal gravimetric anal. showed more stability of synthesized metallosurfactants as compared to the precursor benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride. Their critical micelle concentration (cmc) values were determined in aqueous medium by using surface tension, conductivity and fluorescence spectrophotometric methods. The cmc values follow the order: Mn > Co ≈ Cu ≈ Zn > Ni. The thermodn. parameters of micellization were computed from the temperature dependence of the cmc. These metallosurfactants have surprisingly low counterion binding constant values (0.25 to 0.31) compared to benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride and other ionic surfactants. Compensation of enthalpy and entropy of micellization of BDHA₂[MCl₄] metallosurfactants is observed in the aqueous medium. Adsorption behavior of BDHA₂[MCl₄] metallosurfactants was assessed by calculating surface excess and area per mol. at the air/water interface. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements revealed the small average hydrodynamic diameter of highly stable micelles of the metallosurfactants in aqueous solutions (hydrodynamic diameter = 4-6 nm with polydispersity index <0.13 and zeta potential >+45 mV). Transmission electron microscope measurements also showed the presence of small spherical micelles. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9Safety of N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride).

N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines stimulate the central nervous system and cause convulsions, tremor, nausea, and mental confusion. Examples are dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, lindane, endosulfan, and dieldrin. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.Safety of N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Responses of anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge to long-term stress of benzalkonium chlorides: Insights to extracellular polymeric substances and microbial communities was written by He, Zhang-Wei;Liu, Wen-Zong;Tang, Cong-Cong;Liang, Bin;Zhou, Ai-Juan;Chen, Fan;Ren, Yong-Xiang;Wang, Ai-Jie. And the article was included in Science of the Total Environment in 2021.Application of 122-18-9 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Quaternary ammonium compounds have gained widespread attention due to their extensive enrichment in waste activated sludge (WAS) and potentially adverse effect to anaerobes. This study selected benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) as model to reveal the responses of anaerobic digestion of WAS to long-term stress of BACs. Results showed that the solubilization enhancement of WAS contributed by BACs was the acceleration of cell lysis, rather than the disruption of extracellular polymeric substances, and the accumulation improvement of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) attributed to hydrolysis improvement and methanogenesis inhibition at either medium -or high level of BACs. In addition, a low level had no significant effect on the production of methane compared to control, with averages of 0.059 and 0.055 m3/(m3·d), resp., whereas a medium level reduced methane production to 20% of control, and a high level almost completely inhibited methanogenesis. Correspondingly, BACs could shift microbial communities related to SCFAs and methane productions. For the bacterial community, a high level of BACs led to abundance reductions of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi, but Synergistetes was increased to 10.5%, which was almost not detected either in control or at a low level of BACs. And for dominant archaeal community, they tended to be shifted from acetotrophic to hydrogenotrophic methanogens with BACs increasing from low to high level. These findings provided some new insights for the role of BACs in anaerobic digestion, as well as resource recovery from WAS. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9Application of 122-18-9).

N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides are compounds containing a carbon-chlorine bond, which are widely used in the oil field as a wax dissolver. Alkyl chlorides readily react with amines to give substituted amines. Alkyl chlorides are substituted by softer halides such as the iodide in the Finkelstein reaction.Application of 122-18-9

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Fabrication of Polydiacetylene Liposome Chemosensor with Enhanced Fluorescent Self-Amplification and Its Application for Selective Detection of Cationic Surfactants was written by Wang, Dong-En;Zhao, Lei;Yuan, Mao-Sen;Chen, Shu-Wei;Li, Tianbao;Wang, Jinyi. And the article was included in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces in 2016.HPLC of Formula: 122-18-9 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Polydiacetylene (PDA) materials have been adopted as one of the powerful conjugated polymers for sensing applications due to their unique optical properties. In this paper, we present a new PDA liposome-based sensor system with enhanced fluorescent self-amplification by tuning a fluorophore fluorescence emission. In this system, a 1,8-naphthalimide derivative employed as a highly fluorescent fluorophore was incorporated into a PDA supermol. During the formation of blue PDA liposomes, the fluorescence emission of the fluorophore can be directly quenched, while thermal-induced phase transition of PDA liposomes from blue to red can readily restore this fluorescence emission. These phenomena could be ascribed to the tunable Forster energy transfer between the excited fluorophore and PDA conjugated framework. To demonstrate the sensing performance of this newly prepared PDA liposome-based sensor, the sensor with fluorescent self-amplification was successfully applied for the detection of cationic surfactants (CS). The results show that the PDA liposomes displayed a distinct color change and fluorescence restoration in the presence of cationic surfactant species, and allowed detection of cationic surfactants with high sensitivity and selectivity. The limit of detection for target CS, such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), can reach as low as 184 nM. Compared to the traditional methods based on colorimetric PDA liposomes, this newly fabricated PDA sensor system was superior for sensitivity. Thus, our findings offer an avenue for the design and development of new types of PDA sensors with enhanced sensitivity. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9HPLC of Formula: 122-18-9).

N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9) belongs to organic chlorides. An organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications. Alkanes and aryl alkanes may be chlorinated under free radical conditions, with UV light. However, the extent of chlorination is difficult to control.HPLC of Formula: 122-18-9

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Interaction between tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride in aqueous/urea solution at various temperatures: An experimental and theoretical investigation was written by Molla, Mohammad Robel;Abdul Rub, Malik;Ahmed, Anwar;Hoque, Anamul Md.. And the article was included in Journal of Molecular Liquids in 2017.Formula: C25H46ClN The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The mixed micelle formation between tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) and benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride (BDHAC) has been investigated in the absence as well as attendance of urea using conductivity technique. The evaluated values were examined in accordance with Rubingh model. The obtained values of critical micelle concentration (cmc) were smaller than cmc^id values suggesting attractive interactions between the constituents of solution The micellar mole fractions (X^Rub₁) of BDHAC, estimated by Rubingh model, were always higher than their ideal values (X^id₁) suggesting the high contributions of BDHAC in mixtures of TTAB and BDHAC. Interaction parameter (β) value was found to be neg. showing an attractive interaction between the studied components. Activity coefficients (f^Rub₁ and f^Rub₂) were always smaller than one in all cases and it indicates the attractive interaction between TTAB and BDHAC. The values of ΔG^o_m are found to be neg. in all the cases which indicate the spontaneous formation of micelle. The values of ΔH⁰_m are neg. in all cases indicating the exothermic process. The values of ΔS⁰_m are pos. in case of aqueous medium and 500 mmol·kg^– 1 urea solutions but found to be neg. in attendance of 1000 mmol·kg^– 1 urea. The values of excess free energy of micellization (ΔG^Rub_ex) were also estimated and achieved to be neg. showing the stability of mixed micelles. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9Formula: C25H46ClN).

N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, pesticides, chloromethane, teflon, insulators.While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available. Alkyl chlorides readily undergo attack by nucleophiles.Formula: C25H46ClN

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Cationic nanoemulsions with prolonged retention time as promising carriers for ophthalmic delivery of tacrolimus was written by Zhang, Jialiang;Liu, Zhihong;Tao, Chun;Lin, Xin;Zhang, Minxin;Zeng, Lingjun;Chen, Xu;Song, Hongtao. And the article was included in European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.Recommanded Product: N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Tacrolimus, also known as FK506, is a first-line drug for the topical treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory anterior ocular diseases (IIAODs). However, due to its limited water solubility, hydrophobic nature and relatively high mol. weight, topical application of FK506 features poor bioavailability. Numbers of formulations have been attempted to enhance the erratic bioavailability of FK506 through various techniques. But until now, none of them could satisfy the clin. needs completely. Here, a novel formulation of FK506, FK506-loaded cationic nanoemulsions (FK506 CNE), was developed to prolong the precorneal residence time of FK506, thereby enhancing the bioavailability of FK506 for IIAODs therapy. FK506 CNE was prepared by high-pressure homogenization, and its composition was screened and optimized by single-factor experiments The FK506 CNE showed spherical morphol. with a mean diameter of 178.8 ± 2.7 nm and a zeta potential of +25.6 ± 0.6 mV. Results from in vivo gamma scintigraphy studies proved that the precorneal residence time of FK506 CNE was significantly increased, compared with FK506-loaded neutral nanoemulsions (FK506 NE) and saline. The data of aqueous humor pharmacokinetic study in rabbits showed that the relative bioavailability of FK506 CNE was 1.68-fold and 1.77-fold of FK506 NE and the marketed FK506 eye drops (Talymus), resp. Finally, hematoxylin and eosin staining images and in vitro cytotoxicity data confirmed the safety of the FK506 CNE. Taking all these into consideration, we propose that FK506 CNE is a promising topical ophthalmic nanoformulation for the management of IIAODs. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9Recommanded Product: N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride).

N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides are compounds containing a carbon-chlorine bond, which are widely used in the oil field as a wax dissolver. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.Recommanded Product: N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Soil water solutes reduce the critical micelle concentration of quaternary ammonium compounds was written by Mulder, Ines;Schmittdiel, Malte;Frei, Henning;Hofmann, Laura;Gerbig, Dennis;Siemens, Jan. And the article was included in Environmental Science and Pollution Research in 2020.Formula: C25H46ClN The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Quaternary alkyl ammonium compounds (QAACs) are produced in large quantities for use as surfactants and disinfectants and also found in soils, sediments, and surface waters, where they are potentially involved in the selection of antibiotic resistance genes. Micelle formation influences fate and effects of QAACs. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of six homologs of benzylalkylammonium chlorides (BAC) was determined in deionized water, 0.01 M CaCl₂ solution, and aqueous soil extracts, using both spectrofluorometric and tensiometric methods. Addnl., eight organic model compounds were employed at concentrations of 15 mg C L^-1 as background solutes in order to test the effect of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on CMCs. Results found CMCs decreased with an increasing length of the alkyl chain from 188 mM for BAC-C8 to 0.1 mM for BAC-C18. Both methods yielded similar results for measurements in water and CaCl2 solution; however, the spectrofluorescence method did not work for soil extracts due to fluorescence quenching phenomena. In soil extracts, CMCs of BAC-C12 were reduced below 3.7 mM, while the CMC reduction in soil extracts was less pronounced for BAC-C16. Besides ionic strength, mol. structures of BACs and dissolved organic compounds also affected the CMC. The number of carboxyl groups and small mol. weights of the DOC model compounds reduced the CMCs of BAC-C12 and BAC-C16 at pH 6. This study highlights that CMCs can be surpassed in soil solution, pore waters of sediments, or other natural waters even at (small) concentrations of QAACs typically found in the environment. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9Formula: C25H46ClN).

N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines stimulate the central nervous system and cause convulsions, tremor, nausea, and mental confusion. Examples are dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, lindane, endosulfan, and dieldrin. Alkyl chlorides readily react with amines to give substituted amines. Alkyl chlorides are substituted by softer halides such as the iodide in the Finkelstein reaction.Formula: C25H46ClN

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Air and surface sampling method for assessing exposures to quaternary ammonium compounds using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was written by LeBouf, Ryan F.;Virji, Mohammed Abbas;Ranpara, Anand;Stefaniak, Aleksandr B.. And the article was included in Annals of Work Exposures and Health in 2017.Reference of 122-18-9 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

This method was designed for sampling select quaternary ammonium (quat) compounds in air or on surfaces followed by anal. using ultraperformance liquid chromatog. tandem mass spectrometry. Target quats were benzethonium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium bromide, benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride, benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride, and benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride. For air sampling, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filters are recommended for 15-min to 24-h sampling. For surface sampling, Pro-wipe 880 (PW) media was chosen. Samples were extracted in 60:40 acetonitrile:0.1% formic acid for 1 h on an orbital shaker. Method detection limits range from 0.3 to 2 ng/mL depending on media and analyte. Matrix effects of media are minimized through the use of multiple reaction monitoring vs. selected ion recording. Upper confidence limits on accuracy meet the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 25% criterion for PTFE and PW media for all analytes. Using PTFE and PW analyzed with multiple reaction monitoring, the method quantifies levels among the different quats compounds with high precision (<10% relative standard deviation) and low bias (<11%). The method is sensitive enough with very low method detection limits to capture quats on air sampling filters with only a 15-min sample duration with a maximum assessed storage time of 103 days before sample extraction This method will support future exposure assessment and quant. epidemiol. studies to explore exposure-response relationships and establish levels of quats exposures associated with adverse health effects. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9Reference of 122-18-9).

N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines stimulate the central nervous system and cause convulsions, tremor, nausea, and mental confusion. Examples are dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, lindane, endosulfan, and dieldrin. Alkyl chlorides are versatile building blocks in organic chemistry. While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available.Reference of 122-18-9

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Potentiometric sensor containing set of ion selective electrodes with lipid modified membranes for quality assessment of tested non-alcoholic beverages was written by Szpakowska, Maria;Szwacki, Jakub;Marjanska, Ewa. And the article was included in Desalination and Water Treatment in 2022.HPLC of Formula: 122-18-9 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Potentiometric sensors may be a good tool for fast quality control of com. drinks. In this work, such a sensor, containing a set of ion-selective electrodes with lipid-modified membranes (benzyl-hexadecyldimethylammonium chloride monohydrate, hexadecylamine, 1-dodecanol, elaidic acid, cholesterol) was used for discrimination and quality control of non-alc. beverages, mainly composed of sugar and citric acid. It was found that the electrodes stability, membrane reproducibility and sensitivity to acetic, hydrochloric and citric acid concentration were very good. On the contrary, ion selective electrodes were not sensitive to sweet substances (glucose, fructose, sucrose) concentration changes. The potentiometric sensor consisting of ion-selective electrodes was applied to com. available non-alc. beverages, a reference drink and to di-component mixtures of sucrose and citric acid. A database of its responses to those mixtures was created. The possibility of using a “fingerprint” method for recognition and quality control of unknown beverages was discussed. The sensor responses to non-alc. beverages were transformed by principal component anal. and agglomerative hierarchical clustering anal. and compared to the results obtained with sensory anal. The tested drinks can be divided into two groups of similar sour taste intensity (lemonades and orangeades). The beverage of low sour taste intensity and the non-carbonated drink were outside these groups. The obtained results show that the potentiometric sensor with lipid-modified ion-selective electrodes may be a useful tool for quality control of unknown drinks on the last step of a production line. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9HPLC of Formula: 122-18-9).

N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations. Aryl chlorides may be prepared by the Friedel-Crafts halogenation, using chlorine and a Lewis acid catalyst.HPLC of Formula: 122-18-9

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Kinetic study of methyl oleate epoxidation under phase transfer catalysis by heat flow measurement was written by Jabbour, Michael;Ben Talouba, Imed;Balland, Laurent;Mouhab, Nordine. And the article was included in Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry.Product Details of 122-18-9 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The epoxidation of vegetable oils is an environmentally friendly process that allows the synthesis of platform mols. for many industrial applications. The diphasic nature of the reaction results in limitations due to mass transfer. Phase transfer catalysis is used as an alternative solution to improve the kinetics of Me oleate epoxidation This epoxidation was investigated by using quaternary ammonium salts, hydrated sodium tungstate and phosphoric acid. The chem. kinetics are monitored by measurements of the thermal flow in the RC1-RTCal calorimetric reactor. The effects of the molar ratios of the co-catalysts Na₂WO₄/H₂O₂ and H₃PO₄/H₂O₂, the nature and the concentration of the phase transfer agent and the temperature of the process on the chem. kinetics have been investigated. Five transfer agents, Aliquat336, MTOAB, CTAC, CTAB and BDHAC, were tested. The reaction kinetics is faster in the following order: Aliquat336 > CTAC > BDHAC. The reaction time is reduced to less than two hours compared to a conventional epoxidation using percarboxylic acids where the average reaction time is ten hours. The kinetic parameters estimation method is based on the comparison of the exptl. thermal power profiles with the calculated ones by means of a simplified model. A pseudo-homogeneous model based on the main epoxidation reaction and that of catalyst regeneration is proposed. The activation energy obtained for the epoxidation reaction is 40.5 kJ mol^-1. The safety parameters ΔTad, the maximum temperature of synthesis reaction and TD24 were determined This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9Product Details of 122-18-9).

N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can cause corrosion in pipelines, valves and condensers, and cause catalyst poisoning. The hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) and others are affected by damage caused by these substances. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.Product Details of 122-18-9

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Role of micellar interface in the synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles formulated by reverse micellar method was written by Orellano, M. Soledad;Longo, Gabriel S.;Porporatto, Carina;Correa, N. Mariano;Falcone, R. Dario. And the article was included in Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects in 2020.Formula: C25H46ClN The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Chitosan nanoparticles (Ch-NPs) have been extensively studied due to their wide applicability. The reverse micellar method has attracted special attention as a way to synthesize them, since it makes it possible to obtain size-controlled particles. This procedure involves the chitosan crosslinking reaction into polar cores of reverse micelles (RMs). Previous studies using sodium 1,4-bis-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate (AOT) RMs as nanoreactors showed that by changing the reagent concentration and RM water content, the final particle size can be adjusted. To gain insight into this method, we studied the effect of the micellar interface on the synthesis of Ch-NPs. Both benzyl-n-hexadecyldimethylammonium chloride (BHDC) and AOT RMs were assessed, since there are remarkable differences between their interfacial water entrapped structure. Ch-NPs were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering, and SEM. Simulation studies by mol. theory were also performed. On the other hand, Ch-NPs obtained under different conditions were assessed in terms of their ability to solubilize curcumin, whose numerous therapeutic properties are somewhat countered by its poor solubility in water. The results show that Ch-NPs can be obtained from AOT and BHDC RMs by the reverse micellar method. The crosslinking reaction takes place in the micellar interface, and is more effective in AOT RMs. This difference in effectiveness can be attributed to the different positions Ch acquires in each of the two RMs tested. Finally, the NPs notably enhance the water solubility of curcumin, and particle size is the main determining factor for encapsulation efficiency. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9Formula: C25H46ClN).

N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, pesticides, chloromethane, teflon, insulators. Organochlorine compounds are lipophylic, meaning they are more soluble in fat than in water. This gives them a high tenancy to accumulate in the food chain (biomagnification).Formula: C25H46ClN

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics