Hylse, Ondrej et al. published new progress in experiments with the help of cas: 39637-74-6

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Recommanded Product: (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets)) is used as a resolving agent for alcohols as the diastereomeric esters by crystallization or chromatography and as a chiral derivatization reagent for determination of enantiomeric excess of alcohols and amines.

Recommanded Product: (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets)In 2017, Hylse, Ondrej;Maier, Lukas;Kucera, Roman;Perecko, Tomas;Svobodova, Aneta;Kubala, Lukas;Paruch, Kamil;Svenda, Jakub published 《A Concise Synthesis of Forskolin》. 《Angewandte Chemie, International Edition》published the findings. The article contains the following contents:

A 24-step synthesis of (±)-forskolin (I) is presented, which delivered hundred milligram quantities of this complex diterpene in one pass. Transformations key to our approach include: (a) a strategic allylic transposition, (b) stepwise assembly of a sterically encumbered isoxazole ring, and (c) citric acid-modified Upjohn dihydroxylation of a resilient tetrasubstituted olefin. The developed route has exciting potential for the preparation of new forskolin analogs inaccessible by semisynthesis. And (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6) was used in the research process.

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Recommanded Product: (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets)) is used as a resolving agent for alcohols as the diastereomeric esters by crystallization or chromatography and as a chiral derivatization reagent for determination of enantiomeric excess of alcohols and amines.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Cas: 39637-74-6 | Hedberg, Christinne et al. made new progress in 2018

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Formula: C10H13ClO3) is a chiral derivatizing agent. It can be prepared by reacting (-)-(1S,4R)-camphanic acid with thionyl chloride.

Formula: C10H13ClO3In 2018, Hedberg, Christinne;Estrup, Morten;Eikeland, Espen Z.;Jensen, Henrik H. published 《Vinyl Grignard-Mediated Stereoselective Carbocyclization of Lactone Acetals》. 《Journal of Organic Chemistry》published the findings. The article contains the following contents:

A novel Ferrier-type carbocyclization is reported. It involves a carbohydrate-derived lactone acetal synthesized from Me α-D-glucopyranoside, which upon treatment with excess vinylmagnesium bromide provides a highly substituted carbocyclic product as a single stereoisomer. The yield is greatly increased when N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine is added to the reaction mixture Optimized reaction conditions have been applied to lactone acetals derived from other carbohydrates. Based on the obtained results, a possible reaction mechanism has been proposed. Furthermore, scalability of the reaction up to 15 g scale and derivatization of the carbocyclic product has been demonstrated, including the formation of a rare trans-bicyclo[4.3.0]nonene scaffold via a ring-closing metathesis. The structure of this and all carbocyclized products were confirmed by X-ray crystallog. anal. To complete the study, the researchers used (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6) .

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Formula: C10H13ClO3) is a chiral derivatizing agent. It can be prepared by reacting (-)-(1S,4R)-camphanic acid with thionyl chloride.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Gan, Pei et al. published new experimental results with the assistance of cas: 39637-74-6

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Application In Synthesis of (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets)) is used as a resolving agent for alcohols as the diastereomeric esters by crystallization or chromatography and as a chiral derivatization reagent for determination of enantiomeric excess of alcohols and amines.

Gan, Pei;Smith, Myles W.;Braffman, Nathaniel R.;Snyder, Scott A. published 《Pyrone Diels-Alder Routes to Indolines and Hydroindolines: Syntheses of Gracilamine, Mesembrine, and Δ7-Mesembrenone》. The research results were published in《Angewandte Chemie, International Edition》 in 2016.Application In Synthesis of (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) The article conveys some information:

Although the Diels-Alder reaction has long been utilized for the preparation of numerous heterocycles, opportunities to extend its power remain. Herein, we detail a simple, modular, and robust approach that combines various amines regioselectively with 4,6-dichloropyrone to create substrates which, under appropriate conditions, can directly deliver varied indolines and hydroindolines through [4+2]-cycloadditions with substitution patterns difficult to access otherwise. As an initial demonstration of the power of the strategy, several different natural products have been obtained either formally or by direct total synthesis, with efforts toward one of these, the complex amaryllidaceae alkaloid gracilamine I, affording the shortest route to date in terms of linear step count. And (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6) was used in the research process.

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Application In Synthesis of (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets)) is used as a resolving agent for alcohols as the diastereomeric esters by crystallization or chromatography and as a chiral derivatization reagent for determination of enantiomeric excess of alcohols and amines.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

New progress of cas: 39637-74-6 | Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2015

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Synthetic Route of C10H13ClO3) is a chiral derivatizing agent. It can be prepared by reacting (-)-(1S,4R)-camphanic acid with thionyl chloride.

Synthetic Route of C10H13ClO3In 2015, Zajac, Grzegorz;Kaczor, Agnieszka;Buda, Szymon;Mlynarski, Jacek;Frelek, Jadwiga;Dobrowolski, Jan Cz.;Baranska, Malgorzata published 《Prediction of ROA and ECD Related to Conformational Changes of Astaxanthin Enantiomers》. 《Journal of Physical Chemistry B》published the findings. The article contains the following contents:

ECD, ROA, and VCD were used to characterize astaxanthin conformers that differ in their arrangements of the β-ionone ring in respect to the chain. We obtained ECD spectra exptl., and the ECD, ROA, and VCD spectra of both individual conformers and conformation-averaged mixtures were predicted using quantum-chem. calculations at the CAM-B3LYP level of theory using the PCM solvation model. The chiroptical methods employed (particularly ECD and ROA) were considerably more sensitive to conformational changes of astaxanthin compared to “mono-signed” conventional Raman spectroscopy. Strikingly, conformers that are the same optical isomers (e.g., of 3S,3’S-astaxanthin), while geometrically nearly mirror images, exhibited sign-inversed ECD and ROA spectra. The conformational sensitivity of these chiroptical methods makes them a promising tool in the study of carotenoids in the natural environment (for instance, in de novo algal or yeast astaxanthin sources).(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6) were involved in the experimental procedure.

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Synthetic Route of C10H13ClO3) is a chiral derivatizing agent. It can be prepared by reacting (-)-(1S,4R)-camphanic acid with thionyl chloride.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Application of cas: 39637-74-6 | Zhang, Xu et al. published an article in 2021

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Application In Synthesis of (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets)) is used as a resolving agent for alcohols as the diastereomeric esters by crystallization or chromatography and as a chiral derivatization reagent for determination of enantiomeric excess of alcohols and amines.

Application In Synthesis of (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets)《An ingenious method for the determination of the relative and absolute configurations of compounds containing aryl-glycerol fragments by 1H NMR spectroscopy》 was published in 2021. The authors were Zhang, Xu;Lu, Kai-Zhou;Yan, Hai-Wei;Feng, Zi-Ming;Yang, Ya-Nan;Jiang, Jian-Shuang;Zhang, Pei-Cheng, and the article was included in《RSC Advances》. The author mentioned the following in the article:

A concise method was established to determine the relative and absolute configurations of aryl-glycerols 4-RC6H4CH(OH)CH(OH)CH2OR1 (R = H, Br, NO2; R1 = H, [(1S,4R)-4,7,7-trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-1-yl]carbonyl) that depend on the chem. shift differences (Δδ) of the diastereotopic methylene protons (H-3) by 1H NMR spectroscopy. When using DMSO-d6 as the preferred solvent, the threo configuration corresponded to a larger ΔδH3a-H3b value (>0.15 ppm), whereas the erythro configuration (<0.07 ppm) corresponded to a smaller value. Furthermore, the absolute configurations were determined with the aid of a simple acylation reaction through camphanoyl chloride. In the threo enantiomers, the Δδ value of the 1R,2R configuration was <0.15 ppm, and that of the 1S,2S configuration was >0.20 ppm. In the erythro enantiomers, the Δδ value of 1R,2S was >0.09 ppm, and that of 1S,2R was <0.05 ppm. Remarkably, this empirical rule is invalid in CDCl3. In addition, this method was also verified by a quantum 1H NMR calculation To complete the study, the researchers used (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6) .

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Application In Synthesis of (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets)) is used as a resolving agent for alcohols as the diastereomeric esters by crystallization or chromatography and as a chiral derivatization reagent for determination of enantiomeric excess of alcohols and amines.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Hasan, Mohammed et al. published new progress in experiments with the help of cas: 39637-74-6

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Synthetic Route of C10H13ClO3) is a chiral derivatizing agent. It can be prepared by reacting (-)-(1S,4R)-camphanic acid with thionyl chloride.

Hasan, Mohammed;Khose, Vaibhav N.;Mori, Tadashi;Borovkov, Victor;Karnik, Anil V. published 《Sui Generis Helicene-Based Supramolecular Chirogenic System: Enantioselective Sensing, Solvent Control, and Application in Chiral Group Transfer Reaction》 in 2017. The article was appeared in 《ACS Omega》. They have made some progress in their research.Synthetic Route of C10H13ClO3 The article mentions the following:

A novel dioxa[6]helicene based supramol. chirogenic system (1) as a specific chiral recognition host for enantiopure trans-1,2- cyclohexanedimaine (2) is reported. The host 1 with inherent free phenolic group and a (1S)-camphanate chiral handle on the opposite terminal rings of helicene chromophore acted as an efficient turn on fluorescent sensor for S,S-2 with an excellent enantioselective factor, α = KSS / KRR = 6.3 in benzene. This specific host-guest interaction phenomenon is found to be solvent dependent which leads to an enantioselective chiral (camphanate) group transfer to the diamine guest mol. In the case of R,R-2 the de value is up to 68% even at room temperature Intriguingly, the induced helicity in dioxa[6]helicene diol 6 upon supramol. hydrogen bonding interactions, is of opposite sense with pos. helicity for S,S-2 and neg. helicity for R,R-2, as shown by CD spectroscopy and in combination with theor. calculations This chiral supramol. system is found to be an excellent host-guest pair for enantiomeric recognition of 2, based on their electronic and steric factors. And (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6) was used in the research process.

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Synthetic Route of C10H13ClO3) is a chiral derivatizing agent. It can be prepared by reacting (-)-(1S,4R)-camphanic acid with thionyl chloride.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Burmistrov, V. V. et al. published new experimental results with the assistance of cas: 39637-74-6

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Name: (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets)) is used as a resolving agent for alcohols as the diastereomeric esters by crystallization or chromatography and as a chiral derivatization reagent for determination of enantiomeric excess of alcohols and amines.

Name: (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets)In 2019, Burmistrov, V. V.;D’yachenko, V. S.;Rasskazova, E. V.;Butov, G. M. published 《Synthesis of Bicyclic Isocyanates and Bioisosteric 1,3-Disubstituted Ureas as Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitors》. 《Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry》published the findings. The article contains the following contents:

(1S)-1-Isocyanato-4,7,7-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-3-one and 2-isocyanatobicyclo[2.2.1]-hept-5-ene were prepared by the Curtius rearrangement reaction from the corresponding carboxylic acids. The synthesized isocyanates were used to synthesize bioisosteric 1,3-disubstituted ureas e.g., I as potential human soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors in high yields of 74-93%. The experimental procedure involved many compounds, such as (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6) .

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Name: (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets)) is used as a resolving agent for alcohols as the diastereomeric esters by crystallization or chromatography and as a chiral derivatization reagent for determination of enantiomeric excess of alcohols and amines.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Cas: 39637-74-6 was involved in experiment | Nature Chemistry 2015

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Application In Synthesis of (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets)) is used as a resolving agent for alcohols as the diastereomeric esters by crystallization or chromatography and as a chiral derivatization reagent for determination of enantiomeric excess of alcohols and amines.

Application In Synthesis of (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets)《Iterative design of a helically folded aromatic oligoamide sequence for the selective encapsulation of fructose》 was published in 2015. The authors were Chandramouli, Nagula;Ferrand, Yann;Lautrette, Guillaume;Kauffmann, Brice;MacKereth, Cameron David;Laguerre, Michel;Dubreuil, Didier;Huc, Ivan, and the article was included in《Nature Chemistry》. The author mentioned the following in the article:

The ab initio design of synthetic mol. receptors for a specific biomol. guest remains an elusive objective, particularly for targets such as monosaccharides, which have very close structural analogs. Here we report a powerful approach to produce receptors with very high selectivity for specific monosaccharides and, as a demonstration, we develop a foldamer that selectively encapsulates fructose. The approach uses an iterative design process that exploits the modular structure of folded synthetic oligomer sequences in conjunction with mol. modeling and structural characterization to inform subsequent refinements. Starting from a first-principles design taking size, shape and hydrogen-bonding ability into account and using the high predictability of aromatic oligoamide foldamer conformations and their propensity to crystallize, a sequence that binds to β-D-fructopyranose in organic solvents with at.-scale complementarity was obtained in just a few iterative modifications. This scheme, which mimics the adaptable construction of biopolymers from a limited number of monomer units, provides a general protocol for the development of selective receptors.(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6) were involved in the experimental procedure.

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Application In Synthesis of (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets)) is used as a resolving agent for alcohols as the diastereomeric esters by crystallization or chromatography and as a chiral derivatization reagent for determination of enantiomeric excess of alcohols and amines.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Cas: 39637-74-6 | del Hoyo, Ana M. et al. made new progress in 2015

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Safety of (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets)) is a chiral derivatizing agent. It can be prepared by reacting (-)-(1S,4R)-camphanic acid with thionyl chloride.

del Hoyo, Ana M.;Latorre, Alfonso;Diaz, Raul;Urbano, Antonio;Carreno, M. Carmen published 《Enantiopure Helical Ferrocene-Triazole-Quinone Triads: Synthesis and Properties》 in 2015. The article was appeared in 《Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis》. They have made some progress in their research.Safety of (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) The article mentions the following:

The Cu(I)-catalyzed (2+3) cycloaddition between azido (or azidomethylene) ferrocenes and enantiopure (P)-14-(p-ethynylphenyl)-[5]-tetrahydro-helicenequinone afforded ferrocene-triazole-quinone triads, whereas diazido ferrocenes gave rise to the corresponding double triads. In reactions with 1,1′-diazidoferrocene, the use of CuI/MeCN or CuSO4/Na ascorbate/THF conditions allowed the divergent formation of an open chain dimeric structure or a 1,4-diaza-[4]-ferrocenophane resulting from an intramol. oxidative coupling of the two triazole units formed after the double cycloaddition process. The experimental procedure involved many compounds, such as (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6) .

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Safety of (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets)) is a chiral derivatizing agent. It can be prepared by reacting (-)-(1S,4R)-camphanic acid with thionyl chloride.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Cas: 39637-74-6 | Krief, Alain et al. made new progress in 2018

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Product Details of 39637-74-6) is a chiral derivatizing agent. It can be prepared by reacting (-)-(1S,4R)-camphanic acid with thionyl chloride.

Krief, Alain;Wouters, Johan;Norberg, Bernadette;Kremer, Adrian published 《Formalizing the mechanism of the allylic substitution reaction (SN’): application to the highly enantio- and diastereo-selective syntheses of 1-phenyl-2-vinylcyclopentanes》 in 2018. The article was appeared in 《ARKIVOC (Gainesville, FL, United States)》. They have made some progress in their research.Product Details of 39637-74-6 The article mentions the following:

An efficient stereoselective and high yielding syntheses of each of the four enantiomers of phenylcyclopentanes e.g., I bearing a quaternary center and a E-propenyl chain on the adjacent carbon that involves intramol. allylic substitution reactions has been reported. In complement to its synthetic value, this process models the SN’ reaction and allows prediction of its stereochem. outcome. The experimental procedure involved many compounds, such as (1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6) .

(1S)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyl chloride(Chunks or pellets) (cas: 39637-74-6 Product Details of 39637-74-6) is a chiral derivatizing agent. It can be prepared by reacting (-)-(1S,4R)-camphanic acid with thionyl chloride.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics