How did you first get involved in researching C7H4Cl2O2

Formula: C7H4Cl2O2. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H4Cl2O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

In 2021 J SEP SCI published article about SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; MULTI-RESIDUE METHOD in [Li, Congdi; Chen, Zenglong; Li, Li; Li, Wei; Yuan, Longfei] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, State Key Lab Integrated Management Pest Insects, 1 Beichen West Rd, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China; [Li, Congdi; He, Yujian] Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Sch Future Technol, 19 A Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China; [Qin, Dongmei] Minist Agr & Rural Affairs, Inst Control Agrochem, Beijing, Peoples R China; [Liu, Rong] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Crop Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China in 2021, Cited 45. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0. Formula: C7H4Cl2O2

Tracing the herbicide bixlozone and its metabolites in food is necessary to assess their risks to human health. In the study, a rapid and effective analytical method using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method for the simultaneous determination of bixlozone and its metabolites (2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, 3-hydroxy-propanamide-bixlozone, and 5 ‘-hydroxy-bixlozone) in plant and animal samples (tomato, cucumber, apple, wheat flour, meat, milk, and egg) was developed based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated based on the linearity (R-2 > 0.99), sensitivity (limit of quantification = 0.01 mg/kg), recovery (70.2-115.1%), and precision (intraday 1.2-17.6%, interday 0.3-16.0%). Detection was achieved within 6.0 min. The method is reliable for the determination of four target compounds in all seven matrices. The satisfactory validation criteria and successful application show that the proposed methodology is suitable for the detection of four target compounds in real matrices.

Formula: C7H4Cl2O2. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H4Cl2O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Chemistry Milestones Of C7H4Cl2O2

Product Details of 50-30-6. Welcome to talk about 50-30-6, If you have any questions, you can contact Friedman, AS; Horn, SJL or send Email.

In 2019.0 NICOTINE TOB RES published article about NICOTINE DELIVERY-SYSTEMS; UNITED-STATES; SOCIAL-CLASS; HEALTH; DISEASE; ADULTS; TRENDS; INEQUALITIES; ESTIMATORS; AWARENESS in [Friedman, Abigail S.] Yale Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, 60 Coll St,Rm 303, New Haven, CT 06520 USA; [Horn, Samantha J. L.] Northwestern Univ, Global Poverty Res Lab, Evanston, IL USA in 2019.0, Cited 38.0. The Name is 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-30-6. Product Details of 50-30-6

Introduction Socioeconomic disparities have been established for conventional cigarette use, but not for electronic cigarettes. This study estimates socioeconomic gradients in exclusive use of conventional cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and dual use (ie, use of both products) among adults in the United States. Methods Analyses consider nationally representative data on 25- to 54-year-old respondents to the 2014-2016 National Health Interview Surveys (N = 50306). Demographically adjusted seemingly unrelated regression models estimate how two socioeconomic status measures-respondent education and household income-relate to current exclusive use of conventional cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and dual use. Results Conventional cigarette use exhibits negative education and income gradients, consistent with existing research: -12.9 percentage points (confidence interval [CI]: -14.0, -11.8) if college educated, and -9.5 percentage points (CI: -10.9, -8.1) if household income exceeds 400% of the federal poverty level. These gradients are flatter for dual use (-1.4 [CI: -1.8, -0.9] and -1.9 [CI: -2.5, -1.2]), and statistically insignificant for electronic cigarette use (-0.03 [CI: -0.5, 0.4] and -0.3 [CI: -0.8, -0.2]). Limiting the sample to ever-smokers, higher education is associated with a 0.9 percentage point increase in likelihood of exclusive electronic cigarette use at interview (CI: 0.0, 1.9). Conclusions Education and income gradients in exclusive electronic cigarette use are small and statistically insignificant, contrasting with strong negative gradients in exclusive conventional cigarette use. Furthermore, more educated smokers are more likely to switch to exclusive e-cigarette use than less educated smokers. Such differential switching may exacerbate socioeconomic disparities in smoking-related morbidity and mortality, but lower the burden of tobacco-related disease. Implications Research has not yet established whether socioeconomic disparities in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use resemble those observed for conventional cigarettes. This article uses nationally representative data on US adults aged 25-54 to estimate income and education gradients in exclusive use of conventional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and dual use. Both gradients are steep and negative for conventional cigarette use, but flat and statistically insignificant for e-cigarette use. Repeating the analysis among ever-smokers indicates that more educated smokers are more likely to transition toward exclusive e-cigarette use than less educated smokers. Such differential substitution may exacerbate disparities in smoking-related morbidity and mortality.

Product Details of 50-30-6. Welcome to talk about 50-30-6, If you have any questions, you can contact Friedman, AS; Horn, SJL or send Email.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Brief introduction of 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline

Recommanded Product: 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Welcome to talk about 87-63-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Chen, C; Wang, YB; Shi, XN; Sun, W; Zhao, JH; Zhu, YP; Liu, LY; Zhu, BL or send Email.

I found the field of Chemistry very interesting. Saw the article Palladium-Catalyzed C-2 and C-3 Dual C-H Functionalization of Indoles: Synthesis of Fluorinated Isocryptolepine Analogues published in 2020. Recommanded Product: 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline, Reprint Addresses Chen, C; Zhu, BL (corresponding author), Tianjin Normal Univ, Coll Chem, Tianjin Key Lab Struct & Peiformance Funct Mol, Tianjin 300387, Peoples R China.. The CAS is 87-63-8. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline

Here we report a protocol to synthesize diversiform fluorinated isocryptolepine analogues with potential biological activities in one step via directed C-2 and C-3 dual C-H functionalization of indoles. We also attempted to take into account fluorinated imidoyl chlorides as a novel kind of synthons in the directed C-H functionalization reactions. As a result, a variety of fluorinated isocryptolepine analogues were obtained in up to 96% yield. Moreover, we conducted control experiments to disclose the reaction mechanism.

Recommanded Product: 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Welcome to talk about 87-63-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Chen, C; Wang, YB; Shi, XN; Sun, W; Zhao, JH; Zhu, YP; Liu, LY; Zhu, BL or send Email.

Reference:
Patent; ASTRAZENECA AB; NPS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.; WO2006/20879; (2006); A1;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Never Underestimate The Influence Of C7H4Cl2O2

Application In Synthesis of 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H4Cl2O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Li, CD; Chen, ZL; Qin, DM; Liu, R; Li, L; Li, W; He, YJ; Yuan, LF in [Li, Congdi; Chen, Zenglong; Li, Li; Li, Wei; Yuan, Longfei] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, State Key Lab Integrated Management Pest Insects, 1 Beichen West Rd, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China; [Li, Congdi; He, Yujian] Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Sch Future Technol, 19 A Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China; [Qin, Dongmei] Minist Agr & Rural Affairs, Inst Control Agrochem, Beijing, Peoples R China; [Liu, Rong] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Crop Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China published Simultaneous determination of the herbicide bixlozone and its metabolites in plant and animal samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in 2021, Cited 45. Application In Synthesis of 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0.

Tracing the herbicide bixlozone and its metabolites in food is necessary to assess their risks to human health. In the study, a rapid and effective analytical method using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method for the simultaneous determination of bixlozone and its metabolites (2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, 3-hydroxy-propanamide-bixlozone, and 5 ‘-hydroxy-bixlozone) in plant and animal samples (tomato, cucumber, apple, wheat flour, meat, milk, and egg) was developed based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated based on the linearity (R-2 > 0.99), sensitivity (limit of quantification = 0.01 mg/kg), recovery (70.2-115.1%), and precision (intraday 1.2-17.6%, interday 0.3-16.0%). Detection was achieved within 6.0 min. The method is reliable for the determination of four target compounds in all seven matrices. The satisfactory validation criteria and successful application show that the proposed methodology is suitable for the detection of four target compounds in real matrices.

Application In Synthesis of 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H4Cl2O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

When did you first realize you had a special interest and talent in2-Chloro-6-methylaniline

Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks. Welcome to talk about 87-63-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Zhang, P; Zhao, XM or send Email.

An article Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Bioactivity Evaluation of a Heterocyclic Compound WOS:000581015600019 published article about MESENCHYMAL STEM-CELLS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; DENTAL-PULP; REGENERATION in [Zhang Peng; Zhao Xiao-Mei] Shaanxi Univ Chinese Med, Sch Pharm, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi, Peoples R China in 2020, Cited 15. Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks. The Name is 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 87-63-8

The heterocyclic compound 2-amino-N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)thiazole-5-carboxamide (1), designed using 2-chloro-6-methylaniline (2) as the start material, was successfully obtained via multiple synthesis route and finally characterized by IR, H-1 NMR, and single-cystal X-ray crystallography. To select the suitable candidates for tissue regeneration, the induction activity of the compound on the dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells (DP-MSCs) was evaluated. Firstly, the DP-MSCs cells were isolated and the cell colon formation ability was measured after compound treatment with cell colony determination. After that, the RT-PCT assay was conducted and the relative expression level of the genes related with cell osteogenesis and proliferation was further detected.

Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks. Welcome to talk about 87-63-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Zhang, P; Zhao, XM or send Email.

Reference:
Patent; ASTRAZENECA AB; NPS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.; WO2006/20879; (2006); A1;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Extended knowledge of C7H4Cl2O2

Product Details of 50-30-6. Welcome to talk about 50-30-6, If you have any questions, you can contact Escovedo, C; Bell, D; Cheng, E; Garner, O; Ziman, A; Vangala, S; Gounder, P; Lerner, C or send Email.

An article Noninterruptive Clinical Decision Support Decreases Ordering of Respiratory Viral Panels during Influenza Season WOS:000531597900002 published article about POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; RESOURCE UTILIZATION; IMPACT; MANAGEMENT; INFECTIONS; PATHOGENS; DIAGNOSIS; OUTCOMES; UTILITY; CARE in [Escovedo, Cameron; Lerner, Carlos] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Pediat, 10833 Le Conte Ave 12-358 MDCC, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA; [Bell, Douglas] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA; [Cheng, Eric] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA; [Garner, Omai; Ziman, Alyssa] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Los Angeles, CA USA; [Vangala, Sitaram] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med Stat Core, Los Angeles, CA USA; [Gounder, Prabhu] Cty Los Angeles Publ Hlth, Acute Communicable Dis Control, Los Angeles, CA USA in 2020.0, Cited 29.0. Product Details of 50-30-6. The Name is 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-30-6

Objective A growing body of evidence suggests that testing for influenza virus alone is more appropriate than multiplex respiratory viral panel (RVP) testing for general populations of patients with respiratory tract infections. We aimed to decrease the proportion of RVPs out of total respiratory viral testing ordered during influenza season. Methods We implemented two consecutive interventions: reflex testing for RVPs only after a negative influenza test, and noninterruptive clinical decision support (CDS) including modifications of the computerized physician order entry search behavior and cost display. We conducted an interrupted time series of RVPs and influenza polymerase chain reaction tests pre- and postintervention, and performed a mixed-effects logistic regression analysis with a primary outcome of proportion of RVPs out of total respiratory viral tests. The primary predictor was the intervention period, and covariates included the provider, clinical setting, associated diagnoses, and influenza incidence. Results From March 2013 to April 2019, there were 24,294 RVPs and 26,012 influenza tests ( n = 50,306). Odds of ordering an RVP decreased during the reflex testing period (odds ratio: 0.432, 95% confidence interval: 0.397-0.469), and decreased more dramatically during the noninterruptive CDS period (odds ratio: 0.291, 95% confidence interval: 0.259-0.327). Discussion The odds of ordering an RVP were 71% less with the noninterruptive CDS intervention, which projected 4,773 fewer RVPs compared with baseline. Assuming a cost equal to Medicare reimbursement rates for RVPs and influenza tests, this would generate an estimated averted cost of $1,259,474 per year. Conclusion Noninterruptive CDS interventions are effective in reducing unnecessary and expensive testing, and avoid typical pitfalls such as alert fatigue.

Product Details of 50-30-6. Welcome to talk about 50-30-6, If you have any questions, you can contact Escovedo, C; Bell, D; Cheng, E; Garner, O; Ziman, A; Vangala, S; Gounder, P; Lerner, C or send Email.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Extended knowledge of C7H8ClN

Safety of 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Welcome to talk about 87-63-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Colomer, I or send Email.

Safety of 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Colomer, I in [Colomer, Ignacio] Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Organ Chem, Madrid 28049, Spain; [Colomer, Ignacio] IMDEA Nanociencia, Madrid 28049, Spain published Hydroarylation of Alkenes Using Anilines in Hexafluoroisopropanol in 2020, Cited 65. The Name is 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 87-63-8.

Providing new methods for the selective functionalization of small molecules is highly desirable, because installing molecular diversity in a desired position, for example, allows one to modulate bioactive molecules. This work reports a method for the selective functionalization of anilines using hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as a solvent to promote an acid-catalyzed hydroarylation of olefins. Mechanistic experiments revealed that HFIP both protonates the alkene and selectively enables anilines toward the electrophilic aromatic substitution. This powerful strategy has been applied to the functionalization of the anti-inflammatory mefenamic acid with chemocontrol and regiocontrol.

Safety of 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Welcome to talk about 87-63-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Colomer, I or send Email.

Reference:
Patent; ASTRAZENECA AB; NPS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.; WO2006/20879; (2006); A1;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Properties and Exciting Facts About C7H4Cl2O2

Welcome to talk about 50-30-6, If you have any questions, you can contact Qiu, YD; Xiao, ZX; Wang, YY; Zhang, DF; Zhang, WX; Wang, GB; Chen, WB; Liang, G; Li, XK; Zhang, YL; Liu, ZG or send Email.. Formula: C7H4Cl2O2

In 2019.0 BIOORGAN MED CHEM published article about ACUTE LUNG INJURY; RESPIRATORY-DISTRESS-SYNDROME; NF-KAPPA-B; PATHWAY ACTIVATION; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; INFLAMMATION; CHALCONE; ACID; MD-2; RESPONSIVENESS in [Qiu, Yinda; Zhang, Dingfang; Zhang, Wenxin; Wang, Guangbao; Chen, Wenbin; Liang, Guang; Li, Xiaokun; Zhang, Yali; Liu, Zhiguo] Wenzhou Med Univ, Chem Biol Res Ctr, Sch Pharmaceut Sci, 1210 Univ Town, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, Peoples R China; [Qiu, Yinda] Chonnam Natl Univ, Coll Pharm, 300 Yongbong Dong, Gwangju 500757, South Korea; [Xiao, Zhongxiang] Wenzhou Med Univ, Affiliated Yueqing Hosp, Dept Pharm, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, Peoples R China; [Wang, Yanyan] Heilongjiang Univ Chinese Med, Coll Pharm, Haerbin 150040, Heilongjiang, Peoples R China in 2019.0, Cited 34.0. The Name is 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-30-6. Formula: C7H4Cl2O2

Myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2) is a co-receptor of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) responsible for the recognition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and mediates a series of TLR4-dependent inflammatory responses in inflammatory lung diseases including acute lung injury (ALI). Targeting MD2 thus may provide a therapeutic strategy against these lung diseases. In this study, we identified a novel compound 4k with the potent anti-inflammatory activity among 39 methyl gallate derivatives (MGDs). MGD 4k exhibited a high binding affinity to MD2, which in turn prevented the formation of the LPS/MD2/TLR4 complex. In addition, MGD 4k significantly reversed the upregulation of LPS-induced inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, MGD 4k performed anti-inflammatory function by inactivating JNK, ERK and p38 signaling pathways. Taken together, our study identified MGD 4k as a novel potential therapeutic agent for ALI through inhibiting MD2, inflammatory responses, and major inflammation-associated signaling pathways.

Welcome to talk about 50-30-6, If you have any questions, you can contact Qiu, YD; Xiao, ZX; Wang, YY; Zhang, DF; Zhang, WX; Wang, GB; Chen, WB; Liang, G; Li, XK; Zhang, YL; Liu, ZG or send Email.. Formula: C7H4Cl2O2

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Our Top Choice Compound:1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H7Cl, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.. Application In Synthesis of 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

Recently I am researching about ARYL CHLORIDES; C-C; PALLADIUM; HETEROARYL; ARYLATION; MESYLATES; HALIDES; AMINATION; BIARYLS; DESIGN, Saw an article supported by the . Published in WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH in WEINHEIM ,Authors: Choy, PY; Yuen, OY; Leung, MP; Chow, WK; Kwong, FY. The CAS is 95-49-8. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. Application In Synthesis of 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

A new indolylphosphine WK-phos has been synthesized for Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of (hetero)aryl chlorides with (alkyl)arylboronic acids. Comprising this newly developed ligand with palladium(II) acetate, the resulting catalyst system was found to be highly effective in facilitating the reaction even when the catalyst loading reaches parts per million levels (e.g. 10 ppm). These examples represent one of the lowest catalyst loadings reported to date of employing monophosphine (e.g. Ar-PCy2) for Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. The ligand geometry has also been well-characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography.

Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H7Cl, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.. Application In Synthesis of 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

Reference:
Patent; Nanjing Zhongteng Chemical Co., Ltd.; Zhong Hua; Lu Minshan; Chen Xiuzhen; Liu Qiaobao; Yin Hengbo; Wang Aili; (8 pag.)CN104876790; (2017); B;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Let`s talk about compound :C7H7Cl

Welcome to talk about 95-49-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Lu, GS; Li, RP; Shen, ZW; Wu, QJ; Sun, HM or send Email.. Name: 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

An article Ligand-Facilitated Reductive Coupling of Benzyl Chlorides with Aryl Chlorides Catalyzed by Well-Defined Heteroleptic Ni (II)-NHC Complexes WOS:000535511600001 published article about HETEROCYCLIC CARBENE; ALKYL BROMIDES; PRE-CATALYST; NICKEL; HALIDES; ACTIVATION in [Lu, Gusheng; Li, Ruipeng; Shen, Zhengwang; Wu, Qinjia; Sun, Hongmei] Soochow Univ, Coll Chem Chem Engn & Mat, Key Lab Organ Synth Jiangsu Prov, Suzhou 215123, Peoples R China in 2020.0, Cited 36.0. Name: 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. The Name is 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 95-49-8

Novel heteroleptic Ni (II) complexes bearing a highly hindered yet flexible IPr* ligand, Ni (IPr*)(PPh3)Br-2 (1) and Ni (IPr*)(PCy3)Br-2 (2) (IPr* = 1,3-bis(2,6-bis (diphenylmethyl)-4-methylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene), were easily prepared in 78% and 89% yield, respectively. Both were characterized by elemental analysis and NMR spectroscopy, and 1 was subjected to X-ray crystallography. Compared with 2 and its analogue bearing a less sterically demanding IPr ligand (IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene), complex 1 exhibited superior catalytic activity in the magnesium-mediated reductive coupling of benzyl chlorides with aryl chlorides, featuring outstanding tolerance of both coupling partners with steric demand. This study discloses a ligand-facilitated reductive coupling of benzyl chlorides with aryl chlorides, which provides a new and practical synthetic tool for the synthesis of diarylmethanes.

Welcome to talk about 95-49-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Lu, GS; Li, RP; Shen, ZW; Wu, QJ; Sun, HM or send Email.. Name: 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

Reference:
Patent; Nanjing Zhongteng Chemical Co., Ltd.; Zhong Hua; Lu Minshan; Chen Xiuzhen; Liu Qiaobao; Yin Hengbo; Wang Aili; (8 pag.)CN104876790; (2017); B;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics