Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks

Organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. 104-86-9, formula is C7H8ClN, Name is (4-Chlorophenyl)methanamine. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications. SDS of cas: 104-86-9.

Zou, Hongtao;Chen, Jinzhu research published 《 Efficient and selective approach to biomass-based amine by reductive amination of furfural using Ru catalyst》, the research content is summarized as follows. Reductive amination of furfural (1a) to furfurylamine (2a) was developed as a powerful and practical approach to biomass-based amine. Herein, Ru catalyst (Ru/BNC) supported on boron/nitrogen co-doped carbon (BNC) was reported for the reductive amination with hydrous hydrazine (N₂H₄·H₂O) as a nitrogen source and hydrazone as intermediate. Our mechanism investigation suggested rich Frustrated Lewis acid-base pairs (FLPs) on the BNC surface synergistically enhanced the activity of Ru catalyst. Moreover, quick formation rate of hydrazone intermediate and its moderate reactivity significantly improved 2a selectivity. Under optimal conditions, Ru/BNC catalyst can highly efficiently and selectively promote 1a/N₂H₄-to-2a transformation with (2a) yield exceeding 99%. Moreover, the role of nitrogen sources such as N₂H₄, NH₃ and hydroxylamine on the 2a selectivity was systematically investigated. Addnl., the developed Ru/BNC-N₂H₄ system was applicable to a wide range of aldehydes to give the desired primary amines in excellent to good yields (85-99%) in the reductive amination reaction.

SDS of cas: 104-86-9, 4-Chlorobenzylamine is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C7H8ClN and its molecular weight is 141.6 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
4-Chlorobenzylamine is a reactant in the environmentally friendly synthesis of pyrroles.
4-Chlorobenzylamine is a chemical that is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of other compounds. It has low bioavailability, which may be due to its reactive site. The chemical can be characterized using nmr spectra and potent inhibitory activity. 4-Chlorobenzylamine has been found to react with nitrogen atoms, and this reaction is highly acidic. FT-IR spectroscopy can also be used to characterize this compound. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding and hydroxyl group are two of the major interactions of 4-chlorobenzylamine with other molecules. This chemical reacts with serine protease, glyoxal, and other substances in a manner that depends on the molecule’s structure., 104-86-9.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Organic chlorides are organic molecules with a C-Cl bond, for example chloroform (CH3-Cl) or vinyl chloride(C2H3Cl). 12112-67-3, formula is C16H24Cl2Ir2, Name is Chloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)iridium(I) dimer. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, Organic chlorides can cause corrosion in pipelines, valves and condensers, and cause catalyst poisoning. COA of Formula: C16H24Cl2Ir2.

Zou, Xiaoliang;Li, Yinwu;Ke, Zhuofeng;Xu, Senmiao research published 《 Chiral Bidentate Boryl Ligand-Enabled Iridium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Dual C-H Borylation of Ferrocenes: Reaction Development and Mechanistic Insights》, the research content is summarized as follows. Ferrocenes with planar chirality are an important class of privileged scaffolds for diverse chiral ligands and organocatalysts. The development of efficient catalytic asym. methods under mild reaction conditions is a long-sought goal in this field. Though many transition-metal-catalyzed asym. C-H activation methods were recorded during the last decade, most of them are related to C-C bond-forming reactions. Owing to the useful attribute of the C-B bond, the authors herein report an amide-directed Ir-catalyzed enantioselective dual C-H borylation of ferrocenes. The key to the success of this transformation relies on a chiral bidentate boryl ligand and a judicious choice of a directing group. The current reaction could tolerate a vast array of functionalities, affording a variety of chiral borylated ferrocenes with good to excellent enantioselectivities (35 examples, up to 98% enantiomeric excess). The authors also demonstrated the synthetic utility by preparative-scale reaction and transformations of a borylated product. Finally, from the observed exptl. data, the authors performed DFT calculations to understand its reaction pathway and chiral induction, which reveals that Me C(sp³)-H borylation is crucial to conferring high enantioselectivity through an amplified steric effect caused by an interacted B-O fragment in the transition state.

COA of Formula: C16H24Cl2Ir2, Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C16H24Cl2Ir2-2 and its molecular weight is 671.7 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) Dichloride is a catalyst used in the iridium-catalyzed asymmetry hydrogenation of unfunctionalized exocyclic double carbon bonds. Also, it is used to test new NeoPHOX ligands derived from serine or threonine.
Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) dichloride is an acid that can be prepared using a preparative method. It is an organometallic compound that can be used in the cross-coupling of activated terminal alkynes with aryl halides. Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) dichloride has been synthesized by reacting furfural with chloride and acetonitrile. The ligand used was 2,2′-bipyridine. The reaction time to produce bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) dichloride is approximately three hours.
, 12112-67-3.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. 2905-24-0, formula is C6H4BrClO2S, Name is 3-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications. SDS of cas: 2905-24-0.

Zuo, Hang-Dong;Hao, Wen-Juan;Zhu, Chi-Fan;Guo, Cheng;Tu, Shu-Jiang;Jiang, Bo research published 《 Electrochemical Annulation-Iodosulfonylation of 1,5-Enyne-containing para-Quinone Methides (p-QMs) to Access (E)-Spiroindenes》, the research content is summarized as follows. A new electrochem. three-component annulation-iodosulfonylation of 1,5-enyne-containing para-quinone methides (p-QMs) has been established by using available arylsulfonyl hydrazides and potassium iodide under environmentally benign conditions. The electrosynthesis offers sustainable and efficient access to construct spirocyclohexadienone-containing (E)-indenes without any addnl. catalyst or oxidant through a sulfonyl-radical-triggered 1,6-addition and an I⁺-mediated ipso-cyclization cascade. Notably, potassium iodide plays the triple role of an electrolyte, a redox catalyst, as well as an iodination reagent.

SDS of cas: 2905-24-0, 3-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride is an aryl sulfonyl chloride derivative. It participates in the synthesis of N-sulfonylanthranilic acid derivatives and potent P1′ benzenesulfonyl azacyclic urea human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors.
3-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride is a molecule that can be used to inhibit the uptake of 3-bromobenzoate. The inhibition of uptake is due to the desymmetrization of the unsymmetrical, 3-bromobenzoate. This reaction leads to an increase in the concentration of 3-bromobenzoate. Inhibition studies have shown that 3-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride has an inhibitory effect on cancer cells and apoptosis pathway. The structural studies have shown that this drug is synthetic and biphenyl can be synthesized from it. T-cell lymphomas have been shown to be inhibited by this drug and heart disease has also been inhibited., 2905-24-0.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. 3900-89-8, formula is C6H6BClO2, Name is (2-Chlorophenyl)boronic acid. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications. Application In Synthesis of 3900-89-8.

Zhang, Qijing;Lei, Hao;Zhou, Cong-Ying;Wang, Chengming research published 《 Construction of N-Polyheterocycles by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis via a Regioselective Intramolecular Radical Addition/Cyclization Cascade》, the research content is summarized as follows. N-Polyheterocycles I [R¹ = H, 11-Me, 11-methoxy; R² = H, 4-methyl; R³ = Me, Bu, benzyl; R⁴ = Me; R⁵ = Me, Et, ethoxycarbonyl] were rapidly accessed by N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis through regioselective sequential radical addition/cyclization in the absence of any metals or oxidants. The transformation occurs under mild conditions and enjoys a wide substrate scope with excellent functional group compatibility. Furthermore, a gram-scale synthesis was also conducted. Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal the potential involvement of an NHC radical cation intermediate.

Application In Synthesis of 3900-89-8, 2-Chlorophenylboronic acid is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C6H6BClO2 and its molecular weight is 156.38 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2-Chlorophenylboronic acid used in the preparation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine amides which has tuberculostatic activity.
2-Chlorophenylboronic acid is a diphenyl ether that can be used as a building block for the synthesis of benzodiazepine receptor ligands. It has been shown to be an efficient nucleophile, leading to the formation of carbonyl groups in the presence of halides. 2-Chlorophenylboronic acid has also been shown to inhibit p38 kinase activity and may be useful for anticancer therapy., 3900-89-8.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Chlorinated organic compounds are found in nearly every class of biomolecules. 349-88-2, formula is C6H4ClFO2S, Name is 4-Fluorobenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride. Alkyl chlorides, as versatile building blocks in organic chemistry, are used in the preparation of alcohols, thioethers, alkenes, alkynes, esters, and Grignard reagents. Product Details of C6H4ClFO2S.

Zhang, Tianyuan;Zheng, Shumin;You, Shuyan;Huang, Danling;Cheng, Yong-Xian research published 《 Design and synthesis of potential fungicidal compounds derived from natural products, (-)-menthol and (-)-borneol》, the research content is summarized as follows. Twelve Novel compounds I[ R¹=R² = H, CH₃, Cl etc], II[ R¹= R² = H, CH₃, Cl etc] derived from (-)-menthol and (-)-borneol were designed, synthesized and characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and HRMS. The fungicidal activities of these novel compounds I and II against Botrytis cinerea, Curvularia lunata and Alternaria alternata were evaluated. The results indicated that II[ R¹ = R² = F] displayed potential fungicidal activities against B. cinerea and C. lunata. Especially, II[ R¹ = R² = F] exhibited IC₅₀ value of 22.9 mg/L against C. lunata, which was higher fungicidal activity than com. product hymexazol and amicarthiazol. In addition, the superficial structure-activity relationship were discussed. This study provided a structural template for the design of novel fungicides.

Product Details of C6H4ClFO2S, 4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C6H4ClFO2S and its molecular weight is 194.61 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl Chloride is found to be an excellent activating agent for the covalent attachment of biological substances to a variety of solid supports e.g. Sepharose beads. 4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl Chloride is also used as a reagent for the studies of proteins by fluorine NMR.

4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride is a reactive chemical that has been shown to have a low safety profile in humans. It is used in the synthesis of replication inhibitors, which are potential anticancer drugs. It also has been shown to inhibit tumor metastasis and growth in mice by binding to the active site of DNA polymerase and inhibiting DNA replication. 4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride is stable in human liver cells and has been shown to be an effective macroinitiator for proton-coupled electron transfer reactions. This compound has been shown to induce locomotor activity and energy efficiency in rats, which may be due to its ability to increase the number of mitochondria per cell., 349-88-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Chlorinated organic compounds are found in nearly every class of biomolecules. 12112-67-3, formula is C16H24Cl2Ir2, Name is Chloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)iridium(I) dimer. Alkyl chlorides, as versatile building blocks in organic chemistry, are used in the preparation of alcohols, thioethers, alkenes, alkynes, esters, and Grignard reagents. Quality Control of 12112-67-3.

Zhang, Tian-Yuan;Zhang, Lu-Yue;Liang, Xiao;Wei, Kun;Yang, Yu-Rong research published 《 Catalytic, Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)-α-, (+)-β-, (+)-γ-, and (-)-δ-Lycorane》, the research content is summarized as follows. The first collectively asym. total synthesis of all members of lycorane, including (+)-α, (+)-β, (+)-γ, and (-)-δ, in a catalytic manner has been achieved. The cornerstone of this synthesis features an asym., stereodivergent Ir/amine dual catalytic α-allylation of 2-phthalimidoacetaldehyde.

Quality Control of 12112-67-3, Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C16H24Cl2Ir2-2 and its molecular weight is 671.7 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) Dichloride is a catalyst used in the iridium-catalyzed asymmetry hydrogenation of unfunctionalized exocyclic double carbon bonds. Also, it is used to test new NeoPHOX ligands derived from serine or threonine.
Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) dichloride is an acid that can be prepared using a preparative method. It is an organometallic compound that can be used in the cross-coupling of activated terminal alkynes with aryl halides. Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) dichloride has been synthesized by reacting furfural with chloride and acetonitrile. The ligand used was 2,2′-bipyridine. The reaction time to produce bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) dichloride is approximately three hours.
, 12112-67-3.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Organic chlorides are organic molecules with a C-Cl bond, for example chloroform (CH3-Cl) or vinyl chloride(C2H3Cl). 12112-67-3, formula is C16H24Cl2Ir2, Name is Chloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)iridium(I) dimer. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, Organic chlorides can cause corrosion in pipelines, valves and condensers, and cause catalyst poisoning. Reference of 12112-67-3.

Zhang, Wen;Wang, Zhenzhen;Lin, Guodan;Xue, Yansong;Wu, Mengjuan;Tang, Pei;Chen, Fener research published 《 Stereoselective Total Syntheses of C18-Oxo Eburnamine-Vincamine Alkaloids》, the research content is summarized as follows. Here, we disclose the divergent total syntheses of representative C18-oxo eburnamine-vincamine alkaloids (+)-eburnaminol, (-)-larutenine, and (-)-cuanzine. Key to the approach is a substrate-controlled iridium-catalyzed asym. hydrogenation/lactamization cascade that leads to the formation of the common tetracyclic skeleton with essential cis-C20/C21 stereochem. (93% yield, 98% ee, >20:1 dr, gram scale). Access to the targeted alkaloids is effected late in the synthesis by implementation of a number of diversity-oriented transformations and late-stage modifications.

Reference of 12112-67-3, Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C16H24Cl2Ir2-2 and its molecular weight is 671.7 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) Dichloride is a catalyst used in the iridium-catalyzed asymmetry hydrogenation of unfunctionalized exocyclic double carbon bonds. Also, it is used to test new NeoPHOX ligands derived from serine or threonine.
Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) dichloride is an acid that can be prepared using a preparative method. It is an organometallic compound that can be used in the cross-coupling of activated terminal alkynes with aryl halides. Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) dichloride has been synthesized by reacting furfural with chloride and acetonitrile. The ligand used was 2,2′-bipyridine. The reaction time to produce bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) dichloride is approximately three hours.
, 12112-67-3.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Organic chlorides are organic molecules with a C-Cl bond, for example chloroform (CH3-Cl) or vinyl chloride(C2H3Cl). 2905-24-0, formula is C6H4BrClO2S, Name is 3-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, Organic chlorides can cause corrosion in pipelines, valves and condensers, and cause catalyst poisoning. HPLC of Formula: 2905-24-0.

Zhang, Xiaoming;Xu, Huan;Su, Huifei;Yang, Xinling;Sun, Tengda;Lu, Xingxing;Shi, Fasheng;Duan, Hongxia;Liu, Xili;Ling, Yun research published 《 Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of Novel Fungicides Containing a 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoline Scaffold and Acting as Laccase Inhibitors》, the research content is summarized as follows. In this work, PMDD-5Y was selected as a lead compound, designed and used to synthesize a series of novel sulfonyl hydrazide derivatives containing the natural product scaffold 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline I (R¹ = H, 6-Me, 2-Me; R² = 2-chlorophenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, Bu, etc.; X = O, S) . The new compounds I had antifungal activities against several fungi, especially Valsa mali and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. One compound I (R¹ = H, R¹ = 4-chlorophenyl, X = S) displayed very good in vitro activity against S. sclerotiorum and V. mali, with EC50 values of 3.32 and 2.78μg/mL, resp. The results of an enzyme activity assay showed that compound I (R¹ = H, R¹ = 4-tert-butylphenyl, X = S) had the best inhibitory activity against laccase, with an EC50 value of 14.85μg/mL. This was more active than the lead compound PMDD-5Y and the pos. control cysteine. Using a mol. docking method, the binding mode of the title compounds I with laccase was studied . The structural features of these new laccase inhibitors as fungicides will advance research and impact the field of discovering more potent fungicides to control diseases in agriculture.

HPLC of Formula: 2905-24-0, 3-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride is an aryl sulfonyl chloride derivative. It participates in the synthesis of N-sulfonylanthranilic acid derivatives and potent P1′ benzenesulfonyl azacyclic urea human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors.
3-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride is a molecule that can be used to inhibit the uptake of 3-bromobenzoate. The inhibition of uptake is due to the desymmetrization of the unsymmetrical, 3-bromobenzoate. This reaction leads to an increase in the concentration of 3-bromobenzoate. Inhibition studies have shown that 3-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride has an inhibitory effect on cancer cells and apoptosis pathway. The structural studies have shown that this drug is synthetic and biphenyl can be synthesized from it. T-cell lymphomas have been shown to be inhibited by this drug and heart disease has also been inhibited., 2905-24-0.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Chloride substituents modify the physical properties of organic compounds in several ways. 349-88-2, formula is C6H4ClFO2S, Name is 4-Fluorobenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride. They are typically denser than water due to the presence of chlorine, which has a high atomic weight. Electric Literature of 349-88-2.

Zhang, Xiaoming;Xu, Huan;Su, Huifei;Yang, Xinling;Sun, Tengda;Lu, Xingxing;Shi, Fasheng;Duan, Hongxia;Liu, Xili;Ling, Yun research published 《 Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of Novel Fungicides Containing a 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoline Scaffold and Acting as Laccase Inhibitors》, the research content is summarized as follows. In this work, PMDD-5Y was selected as a lead compound, designed and used to synthesize a series of novel sulfonyl hydrazide derivatives containing the natural product scaffold 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline I (R¹ = H, 6-Me, 2-Me; R² = 2-chlorophenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, Bu, etc.; X = O, S) . The new compounds I had antifungal activities against several fungi, especially Valsa mali and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. One compound I (R¹ = H, R¹ = 4-chlorophenyl, X = S) displayed very good in vitro activity against S. sclerotiorum and V. mali, with EC50 values of 3.32 and 2.78μg/mL, resp. The results of an enzyme activity assay showed that compound I (R¹ = H, R¹ = 4-tert-butylphenyl, X = S) had the best inhibitory activity against laccase, with an EC50 value of 14.85μg/mL. This was more active than the lead compound PMDD-5Y and the pos. control cysteine. Using a mol. docking method, the binding mode of the title compounds I with laccase was studied . The structural features of these new laccase inhibitors as fungicides will advance research and impact the field of discovering more potent fungicides to control diseases in agriculture.

Electric Literature of 349-88-2, 4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C6H4ClFO2S and its molecular weight is 194.61 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl Chloride is found to be an excellent activating agent for the covalent attachment of biological substances to a variety of solid supports e.g. Sepharose beads. 4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl Chloride is also used as a reagent for the studies of proteins by fluorine NMR.

4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride is a reactive chemical that has been shown to have a low safety profile in humans. It is used in the synthesis of replication inhibitors, which are potential anticancer drugs. It also has been shown to inhibit tumor metastasis and growth in mice by binding to the active site of DNA polymerase and inhibiting DNA replication. 4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride is stable in human liver cells and has been shown to be an effective macroinitiator for proton-coupled electron transfer reactions. This compound has been shown to induce locomotor activity and energy efficiency in rats, which may be due to its ability to increase the number of mitochondria per cell., 349-88-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. 2905-24-0, formula is C6H4BrClO2S, Name is 3-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications. Product Details of C6H4BrClO2S.

Zhang, Xin;Ang, Esther Cai Xia;Yang, Ziqi;Kee, Choon Wee;Tan, Choon-Hong research published 《 Synthesis of chiral sulfinate esters by asymmetric condensation》, the research content is summarized as follows. Here a straightforward access to enantioenriched sulfinate esters via asym. condensation of prochiral sulfinates and alcs. using pentanidium as an organocatalyst was reported. This study successfully coupled a wide range of sulfinates and bioactive alcs. stereoselectively. The initial sulfinates was prepared from existing sulfone and sulfonamide drugs and the resulting sulfinate esters were versatile for transformations to diverse chiral sulfur pharmacophores. Through late-stage diversification 11,12 of celecoxib and other drug derivatives, was demonstrate the viability of this unified approach towards sulfur stereogenic centers.

2905-24-0, 3-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride is an aryl sulfonyl chloride derivative. It participates in the synthesis of N-sulfonylanthranilic acid derivatives and potent P1′ benzenesulfonyl azacyclic urea human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors.
3-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride is a molecule that can be used to inhibit the uptake of 3-bromobenzoate. The inhibition of uptake is due to the desymmetrization of the unsymmetrical, 3-bromobenzoate. This reaction leads to an increase in the concentration of 3-bromobenzoate. Inhibition studies have shown that 3-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride has an inhibitory effect on cancer cells and apoptosis pathway. The structural studies have shown that this drug is synthetic and biphenyl can be synthesized from it. T-cell lymphomas have been shown to be inhibited by this drug and heart disease has also been inhibited., Product Details of C6H4BrClO2S

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics