Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks

Application of a fluidized three-dimensional electrochemical reactor with Ti/SnO₂-Sb/β-PbO₂ anode and granular activated carbon particles for degradation and mineralization of 2,4-dichlorophenol: Process optimization and degradation pathway was written by Samarghandi, Mohammad Reza;Dargahi, Abdollah;Rahmani, Alireza;Shabanloo, Amir;Ansari, Amin;Nematollahi, Davood. And the article was included in Chemosphere in 2021.Related Products of 95-88-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

A three-dimensional electrochem. reactor with Ti/SnO2-Sb/β-PbO2 anode and granular activated carbon (3DER-GAC) particle electrodes were used for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP). Process modeling and optimization were performed using an orthogonal central composite design (OCCD) and genetic algorithm (GA), resp. Ti/SnO2-Sb/β-PbO2 anode was prepared by electrochem. deposition method and then its properties were studied by FESEM, EDX, XRD, Linear sweep voltammetry and accelerated lifetime test techniques. The results showed that lead oxide was precipitated as highly compact pyramidal clusters in the form of β-PbO2 on the electrode surface. In addition, the prepared anode had high stability (170 h) and oxygen evolution potential (2.32 V). A robust quadratic model (p-value < 0.0001 and R2 > 0.99) was developed to predict the 2,4-DCP removal efficiency in the 3DER-GAC system. Under optimal conditions (pH = 4.98, Na2SO4 concentration = 0.07 M, c.d. = 35 mA cm^-2, GAC amount = 25 g and reaction time = 50 min), the removal efficiency of 2,4-DCP in the 3DER-GAC system and the sep. electrochem. degradation process (without GAC particle electrode) were 99.8 and 71%, resp. At a reaction time of 80 min, the TOC removal efficiencies in the 3DER-GAC and the sep. electrochem. degradation system were 100 and 57.5%, resp. Accordingly, the energy consumed in these two systems was calculated to be 0.81 and 1.57 kWh g-1 TOC, resp. Based on the results of LC-MS anal., possible degradation pathways of 2,4-DCP were proposed. Trimerization and ring opening reactions were the two dominant mechanisms in 2,4-DCP degradation This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5Related Products of 95-88-5).

4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations. The haloform reaction, using chlorine and sodium hydroxide, is also able to generate alkyl halides from methyl ketones, and related compounds. Chloroform was formerly produced thus.Related Products of 95-88-5

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

QSAR modeling of algal low level toxicity values of different phenol and aniline derivatives using 2D descriptors was written by Seth, Arnab;Roy, Kunal. And the article was included in Aquatic Toxicology in 2020.Quality Control of 4-Chlororesorcinol The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The deposition of different types of phenol and aniline derivatives in the aquatic environment leads to toxicity to living organisms. Under such condition, evaluation of these toxicants is very much important. Due to non-availability of sufficient exptl. data as well as sufficient number of Quant. Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models for the low level toxicity values for such pollutants, we have employed here the partial least squares (PLS) regression for the development of robust and predictive QSAR models using low level toxicity values against algal species. Here, we have used both Extended Topochem. Atom (ETA) and non-ETA indexes as 2D descriptors for model development. The statistical validation parameters ensure the robustness and the predictivity of the developed models. From the insights of the final PLS models, it can be concluded that presence of nitro groups (in the ortho position to phenolic hydroxyl group increasing intramol. hydrogen bonding capacity), presence of chlorine substituents (influencing lipophilicity) especially at the para position, oxygen and nitrogen at the topol. distance three, aliphatic side chain (contributing to hydrophobicity), mols. with large size atoms and higher mol. bulk will increase the toxicity towards the algal species. On the other hand, the phenol ring without any substituent or with a polar substituent (like amino group), presence of chlorine at ortho-ortho or ortho-para position, absence of nitro group, presence of chlorine and oxygen at the topol. distance three, presence of lower number of aliphatic groups will decrease the toxic effect towards the algal species. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5Quality Control of 4-Chlororesorcinol).

4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides are compounds containing a carbon-chlorine bond, which are widely used in the oil field as a wax dissolver. Alkanes and aryl alkanes may be chlorinated under free radical conditions, with UV light. However, the extent of chlorination is difficult to control.Quality Control of 4-Chlororesorcinol

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Development of quantitative structure-property relationship to predict the viscosity of deep eutectic solvent for CO₂ capture using molecular descriptor was written by Adi Kurnia, Kiki;Zunita, Megawati;A. P. Coutinho, Joao;Gede Wenten, I.;Santoso, Djoko. And the article was included in Journal of Molecular Liquids in 2022.HPLC of Formula: 75-57-0 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Transport properties of deep eutectic solvent (DES), such as viscosity, are essential for selecting and designing processes based on these ”green solvents” for CO₂ capture and separation Although exptl. values for the viscosity of DES are available for a large number of systems, the number of potential hydrogen bond acceptors and hydrogen bond donors to form eutectic mixtures make the exptl. characterization and screening of these systems impractical. A computational method able to predict the viscosity of DES would be highly valuable. The present study is aimed to develop a method to predict the viscosity of DESs using interaction energy descriptors derived from Conductor like Screening Model for Real Solvent (COSMO-RS). The stepwise multiple linear regression was implemented to select the optimal number of mol. descriptors and temperature based on an extensive database covering 947 viscosity data points for a wide range of DESs. The new model showed a good correlation between exptl. and predicted values, with R-squared (R²) and average absolute relative deviation (AARD) of 0.9734 and 15.22%, resp., for the overall dataset. In addition, the model showed that the viscosity of DES was significantly influenced by the hydrogen bonding between the anion of the hydrogen bond acceptor and the hydrogen bond donor mols. The electrostatic-misfit and van der Waals forces were shown to have a marginal impact on the viscosities. In conclusion, the developed model provides an effective tool to predict the viscosity of DES and allows a fundamental understanding of the mol. level interactions on this property. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Tetramethylammonium chloride (cas: 75-57-0HPLC of Formula: 75-57-0).

Tetramethylammonium chloride (cas: 75-57-0) belongs to organic chlorides. Chlorinated organic compounds are found in nearly every class of biomolecules and natural products including alkaloids, terpenes, amino acids, flavonoids, steroids, and fatty acids. The haloform reaction, using chlorine and sodium hydroxide, is also able to generate alkyl halides from methyl ketones, and related compounds. Chloroform was formerly produced thus.HPLC of Formula: 75-57-0

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Efficient profiling of detergent-assisted membrane proteome in cyanobacteria was written by Choi, Jong-Soon;Park, Yun Hwan;Oh, Jeong Hyun;Kim, Sooyong;Kwon, Joseph;Choi, Yoon-E.. And the article was included in Journal of Applied Phycology in 2020.Reference of 122-18-9 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Membrane proteins play key roles in cellular functions like transport of mols., perception of environmental cues, and signal transduction into the intracellular compartment. However, the profiling of membrane proteins is still a daunting task because of the hydrophobicity, restricting our knowledge of membrane proteins. Thus, we attempted to develop a novel detergent-based approach to uncover membrane proteins using cyanobacteria. We investigated the effect of five different detergents on the profiling of the cyanobacterial membrane proteome. The application of either amidosulfobetaine-14 (ASB14) or N-lauroylsarcosine (NL) doubled the number of the identified integral membrane proteins compared with the control. Extraction with ASB14 increased the number of transmembrane helixes over four times. The quant. index (mol%) of membrane proteins also increased from 13 to 22% when ASB14, NL, and benzyldimethyl-n-hexadecylammonium chloride (BAC) were used. ASB14 treatment was particularly useful for identifying membrane proteins with higher mol. weights (Mr), and the addition of BAC to the cyanobacterial membrane could identify the membrane proteins with acidic isoelec. points (pI). To validate the efficiency of the detergent-based proteomics, the functional membrane protein complexes involved in energy metabolism were selected as an example and shown to be successful with the combined data of ASB14, NL, and zwittergent 3-10 (ZW3-10). Taken together, we suggest that the use of a specific detergent and the subsequent combination of proteome data is critical for detailed profiling of cyanobacterial functional membrane proteins. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9Reference of 122-18-9).

N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9) belongs to organic chlorides. Chlorination modifies the physical properties of hydrocarbons in several ways. These compounds are typically denser than water due to the higher atomic weight of chlorine versus hydrogen. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.Reference of 122-18-9

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Inkjet printed Ta₂O₅ on a flexible substrate for capacitive pH sensing at high ionic strength was written by Beale, Christopher;Altana, Antonio;Hamacher, Stefanie;Yakushenko, Alexey;Mayer, Dirk;Wolfrum, Bernhard;Offenhaeusser, Andreas. And the article was included in Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical in 2022.Application In Synthesis of Lithium chloride The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Many pH sensors on the market today have specific limitations, such as the large and fragile construction of glass electrodes, or the complicated manufacturing processes of silicon-based devices including ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs). Furthermore, most pH sensors require a stable reference electrode, which is difficult to miniaturize. In applications where the solution properties are largely understood, the use of an impedimetric sensor without a reference electrode may be sufficient, thereby simplifying the manufacturing of such sensors. In this work, inkjet printed and flash lamp annealed Ta₂O₅. On interdigitated electrodes, with an approx. sensor area of 4 mm x 4 mm, is investigated as a capacitive pH sensing layer in 0.5 M alkali chloride buffer solutions By using the equivalent circuit of the insulator-electrolyte interface, the double layer capacitance is shown to decrease with an increase in pH within the range of pH 2 to pH 9, and agrees with prior results for anodic Ta2O5. When using the device as a sensor in both 0.5 M NaCl and 0.5 M LiCl aqueous solutions, the change in capacitance at 100 Hz is approx. – 110 nF/pH. Apart from pH sensing, these results may also prove informative in other applications, such as electrolytic capacitors, electrophysiol., and battery anodes in aqueous electrolyte. Moreover, the use of flexible, gold metalized polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foils as the sensor substrate potentially allows for large-scale production via roll-to-roll manufacturing, and further permits for use of the sensor in flexible applications such as goods packaging. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Lithium chloride (cas: 7447-41-8Application In Synthesis of Lithium chloride).

Lithium chloride (cas: 7447-41-8) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations. The haloform reaction, using chlorine and sodium hydroxide, is also able to generate alkyl halides from methyl ketones, and related compounds. Chloroform was formerly produced thus.Application In Synthesis of Lithium chloride

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Growth of gold nanorods synthesized by seed-mediated method: Tracking reaction by time-resolved x-ray absorption near-edge structure, small-angle x-ray scattering, and UV-visible spectroscopy was written by Hatakeyama, Yoshikiyo;Sasaki, Koh;Judai, Ken;Nishikawa, Keiko;Hino, Kazuyuki. And the article was included in Journal of Physical Chemistry C in 2018.SDS of cas: 122-18-9 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Gold nanorods (GNRs) are attractive and important nanomaterials that show enormous promise for a wide range of applications. To investigate the formation process of GNRs generated by the seed-mediated method, we tracked the growth of GNRs with aspect ratios of 2 (GNR2s), 4 (GNR4s), and 6 (GNR6s) using time-resolved X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). Moreover, for GNR6s, addnl. measurements by small-angle X-ray scattering and UV-visible spectroscopy were carried out for longer reaction times of up to 20 000 s. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was used as the surfactant in the generation of GNR2s and GNR4s, whereas benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride (BDAC) and CTAB were used for GNR6s. The three anal. methods used provided consistent and compensatory results. It was found that GNR2s and GNR4s finish growing by 2000 s, consuming all the Au in the solutions, and that GNR6s keeps growing for more than 20 000 s by a different formation process. From these comprehensive results, it was revealed that severe competition for existence among the GNRs occurs in all solutions The seed particles added to the solutions of GNR2s and GNR4s start growing but the whole seed particles cannot mature into GNRs. Conversely, in the solution for GNR6s, some of the already-grown GNRs release Au atoms, allowing the growth of further GNRs, making the formation process slow, unique, and complex. The growth of GNR6s coordinated by CTAB and BDAC in appropriate proportions continues more than 20 000 s. In particular, back-and-forth growth of GNR6s is first observed by tracking the growth solution using time-resolved XANES. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9SDS of cas: 122-18-9).

N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, pesticides, chloromethane, teflon, insulators. Organochlorine compounds are lipophylic, meaning they are more soluble in fat than in water. This gives them a high tenancy to accumulate in the food chain (biomagnification).SDS of cas: 122-18-9

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Reversed lipid micellar hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction of rotigotine in rat plasma was written by Bai, Jie;Xie, Li-yuan;Yang, Li;Wang, Run-qin;Chen, Xuan;Hu, Shuang. And the article was included in Journal of Chromatography B in 2021.Application In Synthesis of N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride The following contents are mentioned in the article:

A hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) based on a reversed lipid micelle as the extraction phase was proposed and combined with high performance liquid chromatog. (HPLC) for the determination of rotigotine in biol. matrix. In the proposed procedure, pieces of hollow fibers were fastened on a magnetic stir bar using a thread to provide better precision. Rotigotine was extracted from 5 mL of diluted plasma sample phase with pH 6 into reversed lipid micelle (5 mmol/L of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline in n-octanol/water) impregnated in both the wall pores and the lumen of the hollow fiber. After the extraction at 900 rpm and room temperature for 30 min, the acceptor phase of reversed lipid micelle was collected for HPLC anal. Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, such as type of surfactant and organic solvent, surfactant concentration, sample phase pH, salt amount, extraction time, stirring rate, and dilution factor of the plasma sample, were investigated and optimized. Furthermore, the formed reversed lipid micelle was characterized by fluorescence method. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of rotigotine was between 2 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL with determination coefficient (r2) ≥ 0.9913. It is shown from results of method validation that the satisfactory accuracy (the relative errors between -8.5% and 3.3%), precision (the relative standard deviations from 3.8% to 8.9%), stability and matrix effect were obtained. The enrichment factor (EF) of the reversed lipid micelle-based HF-LPME for rotigotine reached 126. And the feasibility of the proposed method was confirmed by the application to the pharmacokinetic study of rotigotine in rat plasma. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 5137-55-3Application In Synthesis of N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride).

N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 5137-55-3) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, pesticides, chloromethane, teflon, insulators.While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available. Alkyl chlorides readily undergo attack by nucleophiles.Application In Synthesis of N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthesis of osthol-based botanical fungicides and their antifungal application in crop protection was written by Guo, Yuying;Chen, Jiabao;Ren, Dan;Du, Bo;Wu, Lei;Zhang, Yuanyuan;Wang, Zhouyu;Qian, Shan. And the article was included in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry in 2021.Electric Literature of C6H5ClO2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Plant pathogenic fungi decrease the quality and productivity of plant production The botanical fungicides have better biocompatibility and rapid biodegradation, little or no cross resistance, and the structural diversity, and thus are beneficial to deal with plant fungal diseases. Osthole has been widely used as the com. botanical fungicide against powdery mildew in China. In this article, a series of osthole derivatives were synthesized, which resp. contain different substituents on the benzene ring, at the C8-position and pyrone ring. All the target compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antifungal activity against resistant phytopathogenic fungi. Colletotrichum fragariae, Strawberry Botrytis cinerea, Kiwifruit Botrytis cinerea, Kiwifruit brown Rots, which are common in fruit fungal diseases. The compound 7-hydroxy-8-methyl-4-(trifuoromethyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (I) was identified as the most promising candidate with the EC₅₀ values at 38.7μg/mL against Colletotrichum Fragariae, 14.5μg/mL against Strawberry Botrytis Cinerea and 24.3μg/mL against Kiwifruit Botrytis Cinerea, resp., whereas the antifungal activity against resistant phytopathogenic fungi. of osthole is too low to be used (EC₅₀ > 400 ppm). The results of mycelial relative conductivity determination, PI uptake and fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that the cell membrane of fungi is the key action site of I. Besides, I has the potent inhibitory activity against both of plant and human pathogenic bacteria. Our studies showed that C₄ was worthy for further attention as a promising botanical fungicide candidate in crop protection. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5Electric Literature of C6H5ClO2).

4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, pesticides, chloromethane, teflon, insulators. Alkanes and aryl alkanes may be chlorinated under free radical conditions, with UV light. However, the extent of chlorination is difficult to control.Electric Literature of C6H5ClO2

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Determination of 18 Biocides in Both the Dissolved and Particulate Fractions of Urban and Surface Waters by HPLC-MS/MS was written by Paijens, Claudia;Frere, Bertrand;Caupos, Emilie;Moilleron, Regis;Bressy, Adele. And the article was included in Water, Air, & Soil Pollution in 2020.Electric Literature of C25H46ClN The following contents are mentioned in the article:

A robust method is provided to analyze 18 hydrophilic and hydrophobic biocides in both dissolved and particulate fractions of five types of urban and surface waters using high-performance liquid chromatog. coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The linearity, accuracy, and intermediate precision were validated. The target biocides were enriched by solid-phase extraction using Chromabond HR-X 200-mg cartridges and eluted with methanol, Et acetate, and dichloromethane. Suspended matter was extracted by microwave-assisted extraction in methanol and dichloromethane. Recoveries and variability (resp. > 75% and < 30% for most of the target biocides and matrixes) made it possible to quantify biocides at a trace level in all matrixes. Limits of quantification were in the range of nanograms per L in the dissolved fraction and in the range of nanograms per g of dry weight in the particulate fraction for most of the biocides and matrixes, and were generally lower than those reported in previous studies. The method was successfully applied to surface waters, treated and untreated wastewater, combined sewer overflows, and stormwater, providing unique data in these matrixes for some substances, in particular with respect to particle contamination. In urban waters, concentrations of most of the biocides ranged from 10 to 200 ng/L. Diuron, isothiazolinone, and benzalkonium concentrations could reach 0.9, 0.9, and 20μg/L resp. In rivers, most of the biocides were measured at less than 10 ng/L, but higher concentrations were observed for benzalkoniums (up to 200 ng/L) or after rain events, which indicates biocide transfer from urban surfaces into the aquatic environment during wet weather. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9Electric Literature of C25H46ClN).

N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9) belongs to organic chlorides. An organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications. The haloform reaction, using chlorine and sodium hydroxide, is also able to generate alkyl halides from methyl ketones, and related compounds. Chloroform was formerly produced thus.Electric Literature of C25H46ClN

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Efficient Fenton-like treatment of high-concentration chlorophenol wastewater catalysed by Cu-Doped SBA-15 mesoporous silica was written by Hu, Huanting;Miao, Kangkang;Luo, Xiaolin;Guo, Sifan;Yuan, Xueqin;Pei, Fei;Qian, Huaming;Feng, Guodong. And the article was included in Journal of Cleaner Production in 2021.Recommanded Product: 95-88-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Effective treatment for industrial wastewater that contains high concentration of chlorophenols is urgent and indispensable for environmental governance and human health due to their nonbiodegradable, carcinogenic and cytotoxic properties. Four kinds of Cu-containing mesoporous silica materials were utilized to catalyze Fenton-like treatment of high-concentration chlorophenols wastewater (1.0 g L-1). All of chlorophenols in various water matrixes could be oxidatively decomposed in 35 min with the catalysis of Cu-doped SBA-15. Cu-doped SBA-15 with a Cu/Si molar ratio of 0.133 had the best catalytic activity in the oxidative degradation of 4-chlorophenol with an apparent reaction rate constant of 0.170 min-1 which was 1.3-3.6 times higher than those with other Cu-containing catalysts. After 300 min reaction, total organic carbon content of 4-chlorophenol solution declined continuously to 23.8% with an advisable utilization efficiency of H₂O₂ of 26.5%-68.4%. ESR tests and quenching experiments demonstrated that Cu-doped SBA-15 had a selective catalytic activity in the decomposition of H2O2 into hydroxyl radicals which dominated the degradation of chlorophenols in wastewater. The redox of Cu(II)/Cu(I) in Cu-doped SBA-15 occurred efficiently, which could be attributed to chem. adsorption and electron transformation of organic mol. fragments onto Lewis acidic sites formed by the incorporation of Cu²⁺ ions in SBA-15. The biol. toxicity of the treated 4-CP wastewater declined significantly in comparison with that of the original wastewater. Our work provided an effective way of the heterogeneous treatment of high-concentration chlorophenol wastewater. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5Recommanded Product: 95-88-5).

4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5) belongs to organic chlorides. Chlorinated organic compounds are found in nearly every class of biomolecules and natural products including alkaloids, terpenes, amino acids, flavonoids, steroids, and fatty acids. Alkyl chlorides readily react with amines to give substituted amines. Alkyl chlorides are substituted by softer halides such as the iodide in the Finkelstein reaction.Recommanded Product: 95-88-5

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics