Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks

Facile synthesis of low-dimensional PdPt nanocrystals for high-performance electrooxidation of C 2 alcohols was written by Gao, Fei;Zhang, Yangping;Zou, Bin;Jiang, Fengxing;Li, Zhuolin;Du, Yukou. And the article was included in Journal of Colloid and Interface Science in 2022.COA of Formula: Cl4Na2Pd The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Low-dimensional noble-metal materials (LDNMs) with different structural advantages have been considered as the high-performance catalysts for C2 alc. electrooxidation However, it is still a great challenging to precisely construct nanomaterials with low-dimensional composite structure thus to take advantages of various dimension, especial without the surfactant participation. Most studies focus on the modulation of the single dimensional nanocatalysts, the correlation between electrocatalytic performances and low-dimension composite have been rarely reported. Herein, we engineered a simple one-step approach to design multi-low-dimensional PdPt nanomaterials by using different Pd precursors. The low-dimensional PdPt nanocrystals (NCs) composed of zero dimension (0D) dendrite-like nanoparticles and two dimension (2D) nanosheets were obtained by using Pd(OAc)₂, and meanwhile the 2D PdPt nanosheet assemblies (NAs) were synthesized by the introduction of NaPdCl₄. Specifically, benefitting from the unique low-dimension structures with fast electron/mass transfer, and optimized electronic and synergistic effect, the multi-low-dimensional 0D-2D PdPt NCs showed the highest ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR)/ethylene glycol oxidation reaction (EGOR) mass activities, which were much higher than 2D PdPt NAs. The 0D-2D PdPt NCs also exhibited the highest structural stability. Generally, this work could inspire more advanced designs for surfactant-free synthesis and promote the fundamental engineering on nanocatalysts with low-dimension composite structure for electrocatalytic fields. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Sodium tetrachloropalladate(II) (cas: 13820-53-6COA of Formula: Cl4Na2Pd).

Sodium tetrachloropalladate(II) (cas: 13820-53-6) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines stimulate the central nervous system and cause convulsions, tremor, nausea, and mental confusion. Examples are dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, lindane, endosulfan, and dieldrin.While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available. Alkyl chlorides readily undergo attack by nucleophiles.COA of Formula: Cl4Na2Pd

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

COSMO-RS prediction and experimental verification of deep eutectic solvents for water insoluble pesticides with high solubility was written by Wang, Juan;Guo, Yangyang;Liu, Fengmao;Zhang, Xianzhao;Wang, Wenzhuo;Peng, Qingrong. And the article was included in Journal of Molecular Liquids in 2022.Reference of 75-57-0 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The solubility of 9 water-insoluble pesticide active ingredients (PAIs) was predicted in 133 deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on 7 hydrogen bond acceptors and 19 hydrogen bond donors, using a COSMO-RS model. 13 DESs with superior solubility of water-insoluble PAIs were screened out and verified with experiments The actual measurement results agree well with the forecasting results. When compared with the solubility in pure water, some PAIs can even be mutually dissolvable with tetraethylammonium chloride: decanoic acid (1:2), tetrabutylammonium chloride: decanoic acid (1:3), and tetrabutylammonium chloride: phenol (1:5), such as butachlor, acetochlor, and metolachlor. FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra suggested that hydrogen bonding between DESs and PAIs mols. played a crucial role in solvation. Crucially, the study indicated that its feasible to replace toxic organic solvents with DESs in emulsifiable concentrates formulations. The effects of different concentrations of tetraethylammonium chloride: decanoic acid (1:2) on the growth of wheat seedlings were also explored. The results showed that it did not affect the germination rate of wheat seeds, but with the increase of concentration, the growth indexes such as the lengths of shoots and roots grew shorter, the fresh weight of aboveground and underground decreased. This study provides COSMO-RS as a valuable and reliable tool to screen DESs, and highlights that DESs can be an alternative to replace toxic and harmful organic solvents in emulsifiable concentrates (EC), which provide ideas and a basis for designing new green pesticide formulations. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Tetramethylammonium chloride (cas: 75-57-0Reference of 75-57-0).

Tetramethylammonium chloride (cas: 75-57-0) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations. Alkyl chlorides readily react with amines to give substituted amines. Alkyl chlorides are substituted by softer halides such as the iodide in the Finkelstein reaction.Reference of 75-57-0

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Unraveling innate substrate-controlled arylation and bicyclization of 1,5-enynes with α,β conjugates: synthesis of substituted benzo[a]fluorenes was written by Gore, Babasaheb Sopan;Lin, Jun-Hao;Wang, Jeh-Jeng. And the article was included in Green Chemistry in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 1186603-47-3 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

A strategy for the aromatic C-H functionalization of electron-rich arenes, such as anisole, phenol, veratrol, toluene or naphthalene, with 1,5-enynes anchored by conjugates, e.g., I (X = CN, EtO₂C, Ts, PhCO; R¹ = n-Bu, Ph, 3-FC₆H₄, etc.; R² = H, 4-Me, 5-F, 4-MeO, etc.; R³ = H, 4-Cl, 3-F, 3-Br, etc.) catalyzed by a Bronsted acid under metal- and solvent-free conditions has been developed. A diverse range of benzo[a]fluorenes, e.g., II [R⁴ = 4-MeOC₆H₄, 4-HOC₆H₄, 3,4-(MeO)₂C₆H₃] [from I (X = CN)] or III (R⁴ = 4-MeOC₆H₄, 4-MeC₆H₄, 1-naphthyl), was obtained in moderate to good yields by using this protocol. This process includes intermol. nucleophilic arene insertion or 6-exo-dig cyclization (depending on the nature of the substrates) followed by a Friedel-Crafts-type reaction and 1,5-H transfer or intermol. nucleophilic arene insertion, resp. In addition, reactions with heterocyclic compounds such as (E)-2-benzoyl-3-(2-(phenylethynyl)pyridin-3-yl)acrylonitrile proceeded smoothly and afforded 11-phenyl-11H-indeno[1,2-h]quinoline-6-carbonitrile. Moreover, solvent recycling experiments were successfully carried out to illustrate green pathways. These reactions feature a readily accessible starting materials, transition metal-free approaches, simple one-pot operations, gram-scale syntheses and wide functional group tolerance. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 5-Chloro-2-(phenylethynyl)benzaldehyde (cas: 1186603-47-3HPLC of Formula: 1186603-47-3).

5-Chloro-2-(phenylethynyl)benzaldehyde (cas: 1186603-47-3) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides are compounds containing a carbon-chlorine bond, which are widely used in the oil field as a wax dissolver. Aryl chlorides may be prepared by the Friedel-Crafts halogenation, using chlorine and a Lewis acid catalyst.HPLC of Formula: 1186603-47-3

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Benzophenone-based derivatives: a novel series of potent and selective dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase-induced beta-amyloid aggregation was written by Belluti, Federica;Bartolini, Manuela;Bottegoni, Giovanni;Bisi, Alessandra;Cavalli, Andrea;Andrisano, Vincenza;Rampa, Angela. And the article was included in European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2011.Name: 1-Bromo-6-chlorohexane The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The leading mechanistic theory of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the “amyloid hypothesis” which states that the accumulation of the amyloid β protein (Aβ), and its subsequent aggregation into plaques, is responsible for the initiation of a cascade of events resulting in neurodegeneration and dementia. The anti-amyloid disease-modifying approach, based on the decrease in the production of Aβ, gained thus a paramount importance. The aim of this study was the design and synthesis of a new series of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) endowed with anti-Aβ aggregating capability. These dual binding inhibitors, being able to interact both with the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE and the catalytic subsite, proved to be able to inhibit the AChE-induced Aβ aggregation. Thus, starting from the lead compound I, an AChEI composed by a benzophenone scaffold and a N,N-methylbenzylamino group, a substantial modification aimed at targeting the PAS was performed. To this aim, different amino-terminal side chains were incorporated into this main framework, in order to mimic the diethylmethylammonium alkyl moiety of the pure PAS ligand propidium. The synthesized compounds proved to effectively and selectively inhibit AChE. Moreover, compounds with a propoxy and a hexyloxy tether resp., showed a good activity against the AChE-induced Aβ aggregation. In particular, mol. modeling studies confirmed that compounds carrying the diethylaminopropoxy and the diethylaminohexyloxy side chains (compounds II (n = 3, 7), resp.) could suitably contact the PAS pocket of the enzyme. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 1-Bromo-6-chlorohexane (cas: 6294-17-3Name: 1-Bromo-6-chlorohexane).

1-Bromo-6-chlorohexane (cas: 6294-17-3) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides are compounds containing a carbon-chlorine bond, which are widely used in the oil field as a wax dissolver. While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available. Alkyl chlorides readily undergo attack by nucleophiles.Name: 1-Bromo-6-chlorohexane

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthesis and biological evaluation of some coumarin hybrids as selective carbonic anhydrase IX and XII inhibitors was written by Thacker, Pavitra S.;Sridhar Goud, Nerella;Argulwar, Omkar S.;Soman, Jyothsna;Angeli, Andrea;Alvala, Mallika;Arifuddin, Mohammed;Supuran, Claudiu T.. And the article was included in Bioorganic Chemistry in 2020.Synthetic Route of C6H9ClO3 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Two series, coumarin-linked to thiazolidinone via a pyrazole linker I [R = H, 3-Me, 4-Cl, etc.] and coumarin-linked 1,2,3-triazoles II [R¹ = H, 4-MeO, 3-Cl, etc.] were synthesized and were subjected for evaluation against the four physiol. and pharmacol. relevant hCA isoforms, hCA I, II, IX and XII. The results indicated selective inhibition of tumor-associated isoforms hCA IX and XII over the off-target isoforms, hCA I and II. The compounds I exhibited better hCA IX inhibition compared to hCA XII, with compounds I [R = 3-Me, 3-F₃C, 4-Me, 4-MeO] exhibited notable K_i values of less than 100 nM. Among all the compounds, compound I [R = 3-Me] showed the best inhibition with a K_i value of 61.5 nM. Among the compounds of II, compounds II [R¹ = H, 4-O₂N, 2,5-di-Cl, 4-CN, 4-Me, 3-Cl] exhibited notable hCA IX inhibition. Compound II [R¹ = 4-CN] showed the best inhibition with a K_i value of 32.7 nM. In the case of hCA XII, compound II [R¹ = 4-MeO] showed the best inhibition with a K_i value of 84.2 nM. Hence, compound I [R = 3-Me] and II [R¹ = 4-CN] could be taken as lead compounds for the further development of selective and potent hCA IX inhibitors, whereas the compound II [R¹ = 4-MeO] can be explored further for the design of selective and potent hCA XII inhibitors. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (cas: 638-07-3Synthetic Route of C6H9ClO3).

Ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (cas: 638-07-3) belongs to organic chlorides. An organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications.While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available. Alkyl chlorides readily undergo attack by nucleophiles.Synthetic Route of C6H9ClO3

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Imaging Ca²⁺ with a Fluorescent Rhodol was written by Contractor, Alisha A.;Miller, Evan W.. And the article was included in Biochemistry in 2018.Related Products of 95-88-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Ca²⁺ mediates a host of biochem. and biophys. signaling processes in cells. The development of synthetic, Ca²⁺-sensitive fluorophores has played an instrumental role in the authors’ understanding of the temporal and spatial dynamics of Ca²⁺. Coupling Ca²⁺-selective ligands to fluorescent reporters provided a wealth of excellent indicators that span the visible excitation and emission spectrum and possess Ca²⁺ affinities suited to a variety of cellular contexts. One underdeveloped area is the use of hybrid rhodamine/fluorescein fluorophores, or rhodols, in the context of Ca²⁺ sensing. Rhodols are bright and photostable and have good two-photon absorption cross sections (σ_TPA), making them excellent candidates for incorporation into Ca²⁺-sensing scaffolds. Here, the authors present the design, synthesis, and application of rhodol Ca²⁺ sensor 1 (RCS-1) (I), a chlorinated pyrrolidine-based rhodol. RCS-1 possesses a Ca²⁺ binding constant of 240 nM and a 10-fold turn response to Ca²⁺. RCS-1 effectively absorbs IR light and has a σ_TPA of 76 GM at 840 nm, 3-fold greater than that of its fluorescein-based counterpart. The acetoxy-Me ester of I stains the cytosol of live cells, enabling observation of Ca²⁺ fluctuations and cultured neurons using both one- and two-photon illumination. Together, these results demonstrate the utility of rhodol-based scaffolds for Ca²⁺ sensing using two-photon illumination in neurons. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5Related Products of 95-88-5).

4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, pesticides, chloromethane, teflon, insulators. Organochlorine compounds are lipophylic, meaning they are more soluble in fat than in water. This gives them a high tenancy to accumulate in the food chain (biomagnification).Related Products of 95-88-5

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Quantitative analysis and carcinogenic/non-carcinogenic risk assessment of aflatoxin M₁ in milk-based baby food and infant formula milk – a case study in Iran was written by Kiani, Amir;Sharafi, Kiomars;Ahmadi Jouybari, Toraj;Ahmadi Jouybari, Hadi;Biglari, Hamed;Ebrahimzadeh, Gholamreza;Fattahi, Nazir. And the article was included in Food Additives & Contaminants, Part A in 2022.Quality Control of N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride The following contents are mentioned in the article:

In this study, solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on novel hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DLLME – DES) has been developed as an ultra-pre-concentration technique for the extraction of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk-based baby food (MBBF) and infant formula milk (IFM) samples followed by HPLC combined with fluorescence detection (HPLC – FL). In addition, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment was performed by health-related risk factors including liver cancer risk (LCR), margin of exposure (MOE) and target hazard quotient (THQ) were calculated using the mean of AFM1 in different infant food samples. The results of the study showed that the mean of AFM1 was statistically significant different between various brands and types of IFM and MBBF. The results of the study showed that the percentage of pos. samples higher than the allowable limit of AFM1 in 36 samples of domestic infant formula milk (DIFM), 24 samples of imported infant formula milk (IIFM), 36 samples of domestic milk-based baby food (DMBBF) and 18 samples of imported milk-based baby food (IMBBF) were 41.6, 12.5, 66.7 and 33.3%, resp. In addition, estimated values for health risk-related factors including LCR, MOE and THQ indicated that for most infants less than one-year-old were higher than the acceptable levels. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the quality of IFM and MBBF consumed in Iran in terms of AFM1 is poor. Therefore, it is necessary to take appropriate measures to reduce the amount of AFM1 in DIFM and DMBBF, and in addition, the IIFM and IMBBF should be controlled qual. before supplying the market. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 5137-55-3Quality Control of N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride).

N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 5137-55-3) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines stimulate the central nervous system and cause convulsions, tremor, nausea, and mental confusion. Examples are dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, lindane, endosulfan, and dieldrin. Organochlorine compounds are lipophylic, meaning they are more soluble in fat than in water. This gives them a high tenancy to accumulate in the food chain (biomagnification).Quality Control of N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Separating boundary potential changes at thin solid contact ion transfer voltammetric membrane electrodes was written by Mao, Canwei;Yuan, Dajing;Wang, Lu;Bakker, Eric. And the article was included in Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry in 2021.Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Thin ion-selective membrane films deposited on solid electrode substrate are useful tools to study ion transfer processes. This is because the exptl. conditions may be chosen such that diffusion processes within the membrane and contacting aqueous solution are not rate limiting. In an ideal case, therefore, equilibrium considerations may be used to describe the resulting ion transfer voltammograms. For example, the electrochem. oxidation of an elec. neutral redox mol. in the membrane results in a cationic oxidized form. To preserve electroneutrality, a cation is transferred out of the membrane into solution, freeing the cation-exchanger of the membrane to become the counterion of the oxidized redox mol. This work describes a model system that agrees well with thermodn. theory, using the lipophilic (1-dodecyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ferrocene as redox mol. and a monovalent reference cation for ion transfer. The full peak width at half maximum was found as 0.110 V, in agreement with theory, and with peak current proportional to scan rate supporting thin layer behavior. The charge passed during the voltammetric scan was related to ion-exchanger concentration available for ion extraction as a function of potential. Subtraction of the ion transfer potential using the reference ion from the exptl. one for each charge increment gave the potential change for the electrochem. ion-to-electron transducer. In one application, the potential change of the polymeric transducing layer poly(3-octylthiophene) (POT) film upon electrochem. oxidation within the membrane was characterized. A nonlinear potential-charge curve was observed, in contrast to earlier assumptions. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Tetramethylammonium chloride (cas: 75-57-0Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks).

Tetramethylammonium chloride (cas: 75-57-0) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, pesticides, chloromethane, teflon, insulators. Alkanes and aryl alkanes may be chlorinated under free radical conditions, with UV light. However, the extent of chlorination is difficult to control.Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Lithium hydroxide dehydration behavior influences lithium ion adsorption on hydrogen titanium oxide with different facets exposed was written by Zhao, Bing;Qian, Zhiqiang;Qiao, Yinjun;Li, Jun;Wu, Zhijian;Liu, Zhong. And the article was included in Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) in 2023.Application In Synthesis of Lithium chloride The following contents are mentioned in the article:

In this study, octahedrons assembled nanospheres Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO-OS) with dominant (111) facet and nanosheets assembled microspheres Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO-NS) with dominant (01-1) facet precursors were synthesized. Then, these corresponding H₄Ti₅O₁₂ adsorbents (HTO-OS and HTO-NS) were obtained via acid treatment and used to recover lithium from aqueous solutions The systematic adsorption tests show that HTO-NS possesses higher adsorption uptake (35.5 mg/g) and faster adsorption rate (equilibrium time: <2 h) than HTO-OS (31.2 mg/g), owing to the role of different dehydration processes and exposed facets. With the help of DFT calculation analyses, the dehydration of Li(H₂O)⁺₄ on HTO (01-1) and (111) were partially dehydrated Li(H₂O)⁺ and Li(H₂O)⁺₂ in the adsorption process, owing to crystal channel and surface at. arrangement. In addition, the anal. of the adsorption mechanism indicates that the Li⁺ exist in the form of hydrated lithium ions in the initial adsorption solution, and the dehydration processes occur during Li(H₂O)⁺₄ move to the surface of the adsorbent, then an ion exchange reaction has happened between the dehydrated Li⁺ and H⁺. These results reveal the adsorbents with different facets exposed indeed influence the surface dehydration processes and Li⁺ adsorption behaviors, which are favorable to better understand the interfacial interactions between adsorbents and adsorbates. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Lithium chloride (cas: 7447-41-8Application In Synthesis of Lithium chloride).

Lithium chloride (cas: 7447-41-8) belongs to organic chlorides. An organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications. Organochlorine compounds are lipophylic, meaning they are more soluble in fat than in water. This gives them a high tenancy to accumulate in the food chain (biomagnification).Application In Synthesis of Lithium chloride

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Morphological tuning of membrane processing by temporal proton-metal cation substitution in perfluorosulfonic acid membranes was written by Vetter, Kim-Marie;Reichbauer, Thomas;Martic, Nemanja;Reinisch, David;Hinrichsen, Olaf;Schmid, Guenter. And the article was included in Electrochimica Acta in 2020.Computed Properties of C4H12ClN The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The authors studied how the exchange of the countercation in perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes influences 1st their processability and secondly their electrochem. performance in H₂O electrolysis. Cation-exchanged membranes were prepared (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, tetra-Me ammonium [TMA⁺], tetra-Bu ammonium [TBA⁺]) and their glass transition temperatures (T_g) were assessed by dynamic mech. anal. (DMA). A good correlation between the found T_g values and the processability of the membranes was found, imitating an industrial membrane electrode assembly (MEA) fabrication process. Li⁺, TBA⁺ and Zn²⁺ MEAs were electrochem. characterized in H₂O electrolysis. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) polarization studies were performed to study initial effects of ion exchange based on the binding energies of the resp. metal cation incorporated into the membrane. Impedance spectroscopy was used to measure membrane resistances during H₂O electrolysis. Potentiostatic and galvanostatic experiments were employed to differentiate between initial and permanent effects, the latter arising from stable structural arrangements of the polymer side chains. In-situ potential-driven substitution (PDS) of the metal ions by protons is quant. for Li⁺. At 1.5 A/cm² the rate of PDS was 0.2 mmol/cm² per min. However, morphol. changes in the membrane remained, opening the possibility for morphol. tuning of membrane fabrication by temporal proton-metal cation substitution. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Tetramethylammonium chloride (cas: 75-57-0Computed Properties of C4H12ClN).

Tetramethylammonium chloride (cas: 75-57-0) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides are compounds containing a carbon-chlorine bond, which are widely used in the oil field as a wax dissolver. Alkyl chlorides readily react with amines to give substituted amines. Alkyl chlorides are substituted by softer halides such as the iodide in the Finkelstein reaction.Computed Properties of C4H12ClN

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics