Chemistry Milestones Of 50-84-0

Welcome to talk about 50-84-0, If you have any questions, you can contact Hawash, M; Jaradat, N; Hameedi, S; Mousa, A or send Email.. HPLC of Formula: C7H4Cl2O2

An article Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel benzodioxole derivatives as COX inhibitors and cytotoxic agents WOS:000571118800001 published article about CYCLOOXYGENASE-2; ANALOGS; ANTICANCER; MECHANISMS; ENZYMES; SAFROLE in [Hawash, Mohammed; Jaradat, Nidal; Hameedi, Saba] An Najah Natl Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Pharm, POB 7, Nablus 00970, Palestine; [Mousa, Ahmed] An Najah Natl Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Biomed Sci, Nablus 00970, Palestine in 2020, Cited 37. HPLC of Formula: C7H4Cl2O2. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are among the most used drugs. They are competitive inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX). Twelve novel compounds (aryl acetate and aryl acetic acid groups) were synthesized in this work in order to identify which one was the most potent and which group was most selective towards COX1 and COX2 by using an in vitro COX inhibition assay kit. The cytotoxicity was evaluated for these compounds utilizing MTS assay against cervical carcinoma cells line (HeLa). The synthesized compounds were identified using FTIR, HRMS,H-1-NMR, and(13)C-NMR techniques. The results showed that the most potent compound against the COX1 enzyme was 4f with IC50 = 0.725 mu M. The compound 3b showed potent activity against both COX1 and COX2 with IC50 = 1.12 and 1.3 mu M, respectively, and its selectivity ratio (0.862) was found to be better than Ketoprofen (0.196). In contrast, compound 4d was the most selective with a COX1/COX2 ratio value of 1.809 in comparison with the Ketoprofen ratio. All compounds showed cytotoxic activity against the HeLa Cervical cancer cell line at a higher concentration ranges (0.219-1.94 mM), and the most cytotoxic compound was 3e with a CC(50)value of 219 mu M. This was tenfold more than its IC(50)values of 2.36 and 2.73 mu M against COX1 and COX2, respectively. In general, the synthesized library has moderate activity against both enzymes (i.e., COX1 and COX2) and ortho halogenated compounds were more potent than the meta ones.

Welcome to talk about 50-84-0, If you have any questions, you can contact Hawash, M; Jaradat, N; Hameedi, S; Mousa, A or send Email.. HPLC of Formula: C7H4Cl2O2

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Machine Learning in Chemistry about C7H7Cl

Welcome to talk about 95-49-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Huang, WZ; Li, XL; Song, XM; Luo, Q; Li, YP; Dong, Y; Liang, DQ; Wang, BL or send Email.. Recommanded Product: 95-49-8

Recommanded Product: 95-49-8. I found the field of Chemistry very interesting. Saw the article Benzylarylation of N-AllyI Anilines: Synthesis of Benzylated Indolines published in 2019.0, Reprint Addresses Liang, DQ (corresponding author), Kunming Univ, Dept Chem, Kunming 650214, Yunnan, Peoples R China.; Liang, DQ (corresponding author), Yunnan Engn Technol Res Ctr Plast Films, Kunming 650214, Yunnan, Peoples R China.. The CAS is 95-49-8. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene.

An unprecedented benzylic C-H functionalization of methyl arenes across unactivated alkenes is presented. In the presence of MnCl2 center dot 4H(2)O and di-tert-butyl peroxide, N-allyl anilines underwent benzylation/cyclization cascade to give benzylated indolines, which are a previously unmet synthetic goal. This protocol features simple operation, broad substrate scope, and great exo selectivity.

Welcome to talk about 95-49-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Huang, WZ; Li, XL; Song, XM; Luo, Q; Li, YP; Dong, Y; Liang, DQ; Wang, BL or send Email.. Recommanded Product: 95-49-8

Reference:
Patent; Nanjing Zhongteng Chemical Co., Ltd.; Zhong Hua; Lu Minshan; Chen Xiuzhen; Liu Qiaobao; Yin Hengbo; Wang Aili; (8 pag.)CN104876790; (2017); B;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Downstream Synthetic Route Of 50-84-0

Welcome to talk about 50-84-0, If you have any questions, you can contact Lei, J; He, LJ; Tang, DY; Wen, JY; Yan, W; Li, HY; Chen, ZZ; Xu, ZG or send Email.. Safety of 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid

Safety of 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Recently I am researching about 3-ISOTHIOCYANATO OXINDOLES; SPIROOXINDOLES; CYCLOADDITIONS; CONSTRUCTION; CYCLIZATION; MALEIMIDES; BENZAMIDES; ALKALOIDS; SCAFFOLDS; DISCOVERY, Saw an article supported by the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission [KJQN201801321, KJZD M201801301]; Natural Science Foundation Project of CQ CSTSC [cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0733, cstc2018jszx-cyzdX0023]. Published in WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH in WEINHEIM ,Authors: Lei, J; He, LJ; Tang, DY; Wen, JY; Yan, W; Li, HY; Chen, ZZ; Xu, ZG. The CAS is 50-84-0. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid

Chemoselective approaches were developed for derivatizing diastereoselective chromanone spiro-gamma-lactams through the Michael-type addition by using amide as a weak nucleophile to construct the spiro-carbon center under basic conditions. To expand the scope of this post-Ugi cascade reaction, a new series of oxidized chromone derivatives was synthesized by altering solvent from EtOH to DMF. Compounds 7 a and 7 b which could be synthesized in one day, demonstrated comparable anticancer activities with legendary anticancer drug paclitaxel in the PANC and U87 cell lines. This methodology offers a new approach to construct spiro-carbon centers with functionalized chromanones or chromones under mild reaction conditions.

Welcome to talk about 50-84-0, If you have any questions, you can contact Lei, J; He, LJ; Tang, DY; Wen, JY; Yan, W; Li, HY; Chen, ZZ; Xu, ZG or send Email.. Safety of 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Never Underestimate The Influence Of 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline

Quality Control of 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H8ClN, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Quality Control of 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. In 2019 BMC CHEM published article about CHEMOSELECTIVE HYDROGENATION; PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES; SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION; RECYCLABLE CATALYST; REDUCTION in [Guo, Haichang; Zheng, Renhua; Jiang, Huajiang] Taizhou Univ, Sch Pharmaceut & Mat Engn, Taizhou 318000, Peoples R China; [Xu, Zhenyuan; Xia, Aibao] Zhejiang Univ Technol, Catalyt Hydrogenat Res Ctr, Zhejiang Key Lab Green Pesticides & Cleaner Prod, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, Peoples R China in 2019, Cited 32. The Name is 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 87-63-8.

Background The side reactions of dehalogenation or C-N coupling tend to occur when halogenated aromatic amines are prepared by catalytic hydrogenation reduction of halogenated aromatic nitro compounds. In this paper, we prepared the sub-microspherical Fe3O4@PDA-Pd NPs catalyst apply it efficiently in the hydrogenation reduction of halogenated aromatic nitro compounds to prepare the halogenated aromatic amines under atmospheric pressure. The catalyst shows a high selectivity of greater than 96% and can effectively inhibit the occurrence of the side reactions of dehalogenation and C-N coupling. Results The optimum condition of the hydroreduction reaction is when tetrahydrofuran is used as solvent and the reaction happens at 50 degrees C for 5 h. The selectivity of the chlorinated aromatic amine and the fluorinated aromatic amine products exceed 99% and the yield exceeds 90%. Only a small amount of dehalogenated products and C-N coupling by-products were produced in the brominated aromatic compound and the iodinated aromatic compound. Conclusion We developed a promising method for preparing the superparamagnetic and strongly magnetic Fe3O4@PDA core-shell sub-microsphere-supported nano-palladium catalyst for catalyzing the hydrogenation reduction of halogenated aromatic nitro compounds. The halogenated aromatic amines were efficiently and highly selectively prepared under atmospheric pressure, with the side reactions of dehalogenation and C-N coupling effectively inhabited simultaneously.

Quality Control of 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H8ClN, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Reference:
Patent; ASTRAZENECA AB; NPS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.; WO2006/20879; (2006); A1;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

When did you first realize you had a special interest and talent in1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

Welcome to talk about 95-49-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Chang, RK; Clairmont, BP; Lin, S; MacArthur, AHR or send Email.. Safety of 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

I found the field of Chemistry very interesting. Saw the article Amidation of Aryl Chlorides Using a Microwave-Assisted, Copper-Catalyzed Concurrent Tandem Catalytic Methodology published in 2019.0. Safety of 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene, Reprint Addresses Lin, S; MacArthur, AHR (corresponding author), US Naval Acad, Dept Chem, 572 Holloway Rd, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA.. The CAS is 95-49-8. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

A concurrent tandem catalytic (CTC) methodology has been developed for the amidation of aryl chlorides where the aryl chloride is first converted to an aryl iodide via halogen exchange and the aryl iodide is subsequently transformed into the aryl amide. A variety of aryl chlorides were converted to aryl amides in up to 85% isolated yield using 20 mol % CuI, 60 mol % N,N’-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine, 2.2 equiv of K2CO3, and 1.05-1.5 equiv of amide in acetonitrile at 200 degrees C after 0.75-1 h. The same copper/ligand system served as multifunctional catalyst for both steps of the concurrent catalytic process with iodide present in substoichiometric amounts. Mechanistic studies were consistent with CTC amidation occurring via a nonradical mechanism. Kinetic modeling was conducted to investigate the effect of competitive direct amidation of an aryl chloride or aryl bromide on the formation of product over time during a CTC amidation reaction.

Welcome to talk about 95-49-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Chang, RK; Clairmont, BP; Lin, S; MacArthur, AHR or send Email.. Safety of 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

Reference:
Patent; Nanjing Zhongteng Chemical Co., Ltd.; Zhong Hua; Lu Minshan; Chen Xiuzhen; Liu Qiaobao; Yin Hengbo; Wang Aili; (8 pag.)CN104876790; (2017); B;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Extended knowledge of 95-49-8

Welcome to talk about 95-49-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Dhital, RN; Sen, A; Sato, T; Hu, H; Ishii, R; Hashizume, D; Takaya, H; Uozumi, Y; Yamada, YMA or send Email.. Recommanded Product: 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

An article Activator-Promoted Aryl Halide-Dependent Chemoselective Buchwald-Hartwig and Suzuki-Miyaura Type Cross-Coupling Reactions WOS:000543669800040 published article about NICKEL-CATALYZED AMINATION; ARYLBORONIC ACIDS; MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS; PALLADIUM; CHLOROARENES; CHLORIDES; BIARYLS; ARYLATION; PROGRESS; LIGANDS in [Dhital, Raghu N.; Sen, Abhijit; Sato, Takuma; Hu, Hao; Ishii, Rikako; Hashizume, Daisuke; Uozumi, Yasuhiro; Yamada, Yoichi M. A.] RIKEN, Ctr Sustainable Resource Sci, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan; [Uozumi, Yasuhiro] Inst Mol Sci, Okazaki, Aichi 4448787, Japan; [Takaya, Hikaru] Kyoto Univ, Inst Chem Res, Uji, Kyoto 6110011, Japan in 2020.0, Cited 44.0. Recommanded Product: 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. The Name is 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 95-49-8

Herein, we report the development of aryl halide-dependent chemoselective reactions, viz., the Buchwald-Hartwig type coupling reaction of an aryl iodide with an arylboronic acid and an aryl amine in the presence of a heterogeneous and reusable nickel catalyst and the Suzuki-Miyaura type coupling of an aryl chloride under similar conditions. Control experiments revealed that the presence of stoichiometric amounts of the phenylboronic acid/ester and aryl amine are essential for both reactions. NMR and XAFS studies suggested the formation of a boron-amine ate complex.

Welcome to talk about 95-49-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Dhital, RN; Sen, A; Sato, T; Hu, H; Ishii, R; Hashizume, D; Takaya, H; Uozumi, Y; Yamada, YMA or send Email.. Recommanded Product: 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

Reference:
Patent; Nanjing Zhongteng Chemical Co., Ltd.; Zhong Hua; Lu Minshan; Chen Xiuzhen; Liu Qiaobao; Yin Hengbo; Wang Aili; (8 pag.)CN104876790; (2017); B;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

How did you first get involved in researching 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline

Welcome to talk about 87-63-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Jacob, N; Guillemard, L; Wencel-Delord, J or send Email.. Name: 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline

An article Highly Efficient Synthesis of Hindered 3-Azoindoles via Metal-Free C-H Functionalization of Indoles WOS:000513827300011 published article about ARYLATION; PHOTOSWITCHES; DYNAMICS; DYES in [Jacob, Nicolas; Guillemard, Lucas; Wencel-Delord, Joanna] Univ Haute Alsace, Lab Innovat Mol & Applicat, ECPM, CNRS,UMR 7042,Univ Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France in 2020, Cited 45. The Name is 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 87-63-8. Name: 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline

Although 3-azoindoles have recently emerged as an appealing family of photoswitch molecules, the synthesis of such compounds has been poorly covered in the literature. Herein a high-yielding and operationally simple protocol is reported allowing the synthesis of 3-azoindoles, featuring important steric hindrance around the azo motif. Remarkably, this C-H coupling is characterized by excellent atom economy and occurs under metal-free conditions, at room temperature, and within few minutes, delivering the expected products in excellent yields (quantitatively in most of the cases). Accordingly, a library of new molecules, with potential applications as photochromic compounds, is prepared.

Welcome to talk about 87-63-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Jacob, N; Guillemard, L; Wencel-Delord, J or send Email.. Name: 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline

Reference:
Patent; ASTRAZENECA AB; NPS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.; WO2006/20879; (2006); A1;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Top Picks: new discover of C7H4Cl2O2

Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H4Cl2O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.. Formula: C7H4Cl2O2

Formula: C7H4Cl2O2. Zhang, JW; Wang, CR; Liu, WH; Xu, S; Liu, BQ in [Zhang, Ju-Wen; Wang, Cen-Ru; Liu, Wen-Hua; Xu, Shuang; Liu, Bin-Qiu] Bohai Univ, Dept Chem, Jinzhou 121013, Peoples R China; [Zhang, Ju-Wen] Bohai Univ, Coll Chem & Chem Engn, Profess Technol Innovat Ctr Liaoning Prov Convers, Jinzhou 121013, Peoples R China published Two kinds of 2,4-dichlorobenzoate-based lanthanide coordination polymers tuned by 4,4 ‘-bipyridine: Syntheses, structures, photoluminescence, and magnetism in 2020, Cited 57. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0.

Ln(NO3)(3)center dot nH(2)O reacted with 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid (2,4-HDCB) and NaOH under solvothermal conditions of water and ethanol to yield four lanthanide-organic coordination polymers (CPs) [Eu(2,4-DCB)(3)(CH3CH2OH)(2)] (1) and [Ln(2,4-DCB)(3)(H2O)] [Ln = Gd (2), Tb (3), Dy (4)]. The second ligand 4,4′-bipyridine (4,4′-bpy) was introduced into the above reaction systems to provide four new lanthanide-organic CPs [Ln(2)(2,4-DCB)(6)(4,4′-bpy)(H2O)(2)] [Ln = Eu (5), Gd (6), Tb (7), Dy (8)]. Single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analyses reveal that CPs 1 and 2 possess similar one-dimensional (1D) structures, and CPs 2-4 and 5-8 are isostructural, respectively. In 1-4, the 2,4-DCB anions bridge the Ln(III) ions to form a 1D chain. In 5-8, six 2,4-DCB anions link two Ln(III) ions into a binuclear Ln(2)(2,4-DCB)(6) unit, and the Ln(2)(2,4-DCB)(6) units are further connected by the 4,4’-bpy co-ligands to generate a 1D chain. The photoluminescent and magnetic properties of 1-8 were investigated.

Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H4Cl2O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.. Formula: C7H4Cl2O2

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Some scientific research about 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

SDS of cas: 95-49-8. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H7Cl, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

SDS of cas: 95-49-8. Marombwa, NR; Sawe, HR; George, U; Kilindimo, SS; Lucumay, NJ; Mjema, KM; Mfinanga, JA; Weber, EJ in [Marombwa, Nafsa R.; Sawe, Hendry R.; Kilindimo, Said S.; Lucumay, Nanyori J.; Mjema, Kilalo M.] Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Emergency Med Dept, POB 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; [Sawe, Hendry R.; George, Upendo; Kilindimo, Said S.; Mfinanga, Juma A.] Muhimbili Natl Hosp, Emergency Med Dept, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; [Weber, Ellen J.] Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Emergency Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA published Performance characteristics of a local triage tool and internationally validated tools among under-fives presenting to an urban emergency department in Tanzania in 2019.0, Cited 17.0. The Name is 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 95-49-8.

BackgroundA number of region-specific validated triage systems exist; however very little is known about their performance in resource limited settings. We compare the local triage tool and internationally validated tools among under-fives presenting to an urban emergency department in Tanzania.MethodologyProspective descriptive study of consecutive under-fives seen at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), ED between November 2017 to April 2018. Patients were triaged according to Local Triage System (LTS), and the information collected were used to assign acuities in the other triage scales: Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS), Australasian Triage Scale (ATS), Manchester Triage Scale (MTS) and South African Triage Scale (SATS). Patients were then followed up to determine disposition and 24h outcome. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for admission and mortality were then calculated.ResultsA total of 384 paediatric patients were enrolled, their median age was 17months (IQR 7-36months). Using LTS, 67(17.4%) patients were triaged in level one, 291(75.8%) level 2 and 26 (6.8%) in level 3 categories. Overall admission rate was 59.6% and at 24h there were five deaths (1.3%). Using Level 1 in LTS, and Levels 1 and 2 in other systems, sensitivity and specificity for admission for all triage scales ranged between 27.1-28.4% and 95.4-98% respectively, (PPV 90.3-95.3%, NPV 47.1-47.4%). Sensitivity for mortality was 80% for LTS, and 100% for the other scales, while specificity was low, yielding a PPV for all scales between 6.9 and 8%.ConclusionAll triage scales showed poor ability to predict need for admission, however all triage scales except LTS predicted mortality. The test characteristics for the other scales were similar. Future studies should focus on determining the reliability and validity of each of these triage tools in our setting.

SDS of cas: 95-49-8. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H7Cl, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Reference:
Patent; Nanjing Zhongteng Chemical Co., Ltd.; Zhong Hua; Lu Minshan; Chen Xiuzhen; Liu Qiaobao; Yin Hengbo; Wang Aili; (8 pag.)CN104876790; (2017); B;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

What about chemistry interests you the most 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

Quality Control of 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. Welcome to talk about 95-49-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Lee, JY; Ghosh, D; Kuo, YT; Lee, HM or send Email.

Quality Control of 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. In 2020.0 ADV SYNTH CATAL published article about N-HETEROCYCLIC CARBENE; DIRECT C-5 ARYLATION; HIGHLY EFFICIENT; DIRECT (HETERO)ARYLATION; DIRECT C5-ARYLATION; METAL-COMPLEXES; HECK REACTION; IMIDAZOLES; BOND; FUNCTIONALIZATION in [Lee, Jhen-Yi; Ghosh, Debalina; Kuo, Ya-Ting; Lee, Hon Man] Natl Changhua Univ Educ, Dept Chem, Changhua 50058, Taiwan in 2020.0, Cited 85.0. The Name is 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 95-49-8.

A series of dimetallic palladium(II)-NHC complexes comprised of 1,4-naphthalenyl or 9,10-anthracenyl spacer sandwiched between two imidazole rings was successfully synthesized. These complexes were characterized by H-1 and C-13{H-1} NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The structures of two dimetallic palladium complexes and a related mononuclear palladium complex to be used for comparative studies were further characterized by X-ray diffraction. The dimetallic palladium complex with the 9,10-anthracenyl linker was very efficient in catalyzing direct C-H arylation reactions of heteroaromatic compounds (imidazoles, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, and thioazole) with a broad range of aryl chlorides, employing a mild monopalladium loading of 1.5 mol%. It allows for the effective use of aryl chlorides to prepare arylated heterocycles, previously only accessible with the more reactive bromide counterparts. Importantly, the catalytic activity of the dimetallic precatalyst was found to be higher than that of an analogous mononuclear complex.

Quality Control of 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. Welcome to talk about 95-49-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Lee, JY; Ghosh, D; Kuo, YT; Lee, HM or send Email.

Reference:
Patent; Nanjing Zhongteng Chemical Co., Ltd.; Zhong Hua; Lu Minshan; Chen Xiuzhen; Liu Qiaobao; Yin Hengbo; Wang Aili; (8 pag.)CN104876790; (2017); B;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics