Category: 6055-19-2

Kovalcik, Thomas R.; Guillory, J. Keith published the artcile< The stability of cyclophosphamide in lyophilized cakes. Part I. Mannitol, lactose, and sodium bicarbonate as excipients>, COA of Formula: C7H17Cl2N2O3P, the main research area is cyclophosphamide stability lyophilization; mannitol cyclophosphamide stability lyophilization; lactose cyclophosphamide stability lyophilization; bicarbonate cyclophosphamide stability lyophilization.

Lyophilized products containing cyclophosphamide (I) and one of the following excipients: mannitol, lactose, NaHCO3, or sorbitol, were prepared All of the products were well-formed cakes with the exception of the one containing I and sorbitol, which was a collapsed mass. I in lyophilized cakes containing mannitol, lactose, or NaHCO3 undergo rapid (t90 ≈ 15 days) degradation in the solid state. A simple method was developed which permits introduction of measured quantities of water vapor into the lyophilized cake. In the cakes containing mannitol or NaHCO3 as adjuvants, DSC and x-ray diffraction showed that I was converted from the amorphous to the monohydrate form when exposed to moisture, and exhibited improved stability. In the case of the cake containing lactose, the lactose, but not the I, was converted to a monohydrate, and the stability of I was not improved.

Journal of Parenteral Science and Technology published new progress about Freeze drying. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, COA of Formula: C7H17Cl2N2O3P.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Harmsen, S.; Meijerman, I.; Beijnen, J. H.; Schellens, J. H. M. published the artcile< Nuclear receptor mediated induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 by anticancer drugs: a key role for the pregnane X receptor>, Name: 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate, the main research area is pregnane X receptor cytochrome P450 3A4 colon adenocarcinoma anticancer.

Induction of cytochrome P 450 (CYP) 3A4, an enzyme that is involved in the biotransformation of more than 50% of all drugs, by xenobiotics is an important cause of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions in oncol. In addition to rifampicin and hyperforin, the anticancer drug paclitaxel has also been shown to be an inducer of CYP3A4 via activation of the pregnane X receptor (PXR). We therefore screened 18 widely used anticancer drugs for their ability to activate PXR-mediated CYP3A4 induction. A CYP3A4 reporter gene assay was employed to identify PXR agonists among the eighteen anticancer drugs. Subsequently CYP3A4 mRNA and protein expression following treatment with these PXR agonists was assessed. Finally, the effect of pre-treatment with these agents on the 1′-hydroxylation of midazolam (a specific CYP3A4 probe) was determined Paclitaxel, erlotinib, tamoxifen, ifosfamide, flutamide and docetaxel are able to activate PXR, while only strong PXR activation leads to significant induction of CYP3A4 activity. The identified PXR agonists may have the propensity to cause clin. relevant drug-drug interactions as a result of CYP3A4 induction.

Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology published new progress about Antitumor agents. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Name: 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Yasunaga, Katsuaki; Kiyonari, Akiko; Nakagawa, Munehiro; Yoshikawa, Kunie published the artcile< Investigation into the ability of the Salmonella umu test to detect DNA damage using antitumor drugs>, Safety of 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate, the main research area is antitumor genotoxicity Salmonella umu gene.

In order to examine the ability of the umu test detecting system, 18 antitumor drugs were tested using the Salmonella umu test. The tested antitumor drugs were selected so as to produce different biochem. actions, and they were classified into three categories; five agents of group I (antimetabolites), eight agents of group II (alkylating agents), and five agents of group III (antibiotics). The results showed that all antimetabolites, all alkylating agents, and three of the antibiotics had pos. responses, but the antibiotics aclarubicin (ACR) and chromomycin A3 (CHR) had neg. responses. Both antibiotics that gave neg. responses were anthracyclines, but daunomycin (DNR), which was one of the anthracyclines, had a pos. result in the umu test. These results suggest that it is possible for the umu test to detect genotoxicity of chems. regardless of the types of DNA damage (inhibition of DNA synthesis relative enzyme, DNA base alkylating, DNA strand-break, and DNA adduct), but difficult for it to detect genotoxicity of any anthracyclines.

Toxicology in Vitro published new progress about Anthracyclines Role: ADV (Adverse Effect, Including Toxicity), THU (Therapeutic Use), BIOL (Biological Study), USES (Uses). 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Safety of 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Busetti, Francesco; Linge, Kathryn L.; Heitz, Anna published the artcile< Analysis of pharmaceuticals in indirect potable reuse systems using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry>, Safety of 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate, the main research area is pharmaceutical determination indirect potable water reuse system; solid phase extraction liquid chromatog tandem mass spectrometry.

A solid-phase extraction (SPE) LC-MS/MS method for 18 com. drugs in secondary wastewater and product water from water recycling plants using microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO) has been developed, optimized and validated. The method incorporates a range of multi-class pharmaceuticals including lipid lowering agents, analgesics, antipyretics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antidepressants, anticoagulants, tranquilizers, cytostatic agents, and antiepileptics. Method limits of quantitation (MLQs) in secondary wastewater were 15-250 ng/L, while MLQs in post-RO water were 1-25 ng/L. Results from anal. of secondary wastewater from Western Australia are presented, and represent the largest survey of non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals within Australia to date. Anal. of post-RO water from 2 MF/RO water recycling facilities also demonstrate that MF/RO treatment removes most pharmaceuticals to below the anal. limits of detection, and more importantly, ≤7 orders of magnitude below health-based guideline values.

Journal of Chromatography A published new progress about Analgesics. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Safety of 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Ageberg, Malin; Rydstroem, Karin; Linden, Ola; Linderoth, Johan; Jerkeman, Mats; Drott, Kristina published the artcile< Inhibition of geranylgeranylation mediates sensitivity to CHOP-induced cell death of DLBCL cell lines>, HPLC of Formula: 6055-19-2, the main research area is anticancer geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor chemosensitivity apoptosis B cell lymphoma.

Prenylation is a post-translational hydrophobic modification of proteins, important for their membrane localization and biol. function. The use of inhibitors of prenylation has proven to be a useful tool in the activation of apoptotic pathways in tumor cell lines. Rab geranylgeranyl transferase (Rab GGT) is responsible for the prenylation of the Rab family. Overexpression of Rab GGTbeta has been identified in CHOP refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Using a cell line-based model for CHOP resistant DLBCL, we show that treatment with simvastatin, which inhibits protein farnesylation and geranylgeranylation, sensitizes DLBCL cells to cytotoxic treatment. Treatment with the farnesyl transferase inhibitor FTI-277 or the geranylgeranyl transferase I inhibitor GGTI-298 indicates that the reduction in cell viability was restricted to inhibition of geranylgeranylation. In addition, treatment with BMS1, a combined inhibitor of farnesyl transferase and Rab GGT, resulted in a high cytostatic effect in WSU-NHL cells, demonstrated by reduced cell viability and decreased proliferation. Co-treatment of BMS1 or GGTI-298 with CHOP showed synergistic effects with regard to markers of apoptosis. We propose that inhibition of protein geranylgeranylation together with conventional cytostatic therapy is a potential novel strategy for treating patients with CHOP refractory DLBCL.

Experimental Cell Research published new progress about Antitumor agents. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, HPLC of Formula: 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Fischer, A.; Koeper, L. M.; Vohr, H.-W. published the artcile< Specific antibody responses of primary cells from different cell sources are able to predict immunotoxicity in vitro>, Quality Control of 6055-19-2, the main research area is immunotoxicity test antibody spleen PBMC cell.

Alternative methods for the prediction of immunotoxicity are highly desirable. However, until now no in vitro test for this purpose has been fully validated or accepted by regulatory authorities. MD cultures are in vitro equivalent to the widely used ex vivo primary T cell dependent antibody responses (TDAR), which has been identified in a regulatory context as a main functional test for immunotoxicol. investigations. The purpose of the present study was to use MD cultures of spleen and blood cells to compare data from three different chems. using SRBC as antigen in two different species. Using this approach we were able to show that cell sources from both rats and mice were able to correctly predict all tested compounds and to clearly distinguish immunosuppressants from control substances. Furthermore, animal studies can be refined by using MD cultures of PBMC. During a 28d benzo(a)pyrene treatment of rats we were able to follow the kinetic of an immune response by in vitro analyses. Addnl. evaluation of in vitro antibody responses of spleen cells and PBMC from rats treated with cyclophosphamide revealed similar results compared to the conventional ex vivo plaque forming cell assay (PFCA). In conclusion, investigation of in vitro antibody responses is a sensitive and reliable approach for detection of a compound induced specific effect on the immune system. MD cultures may not only replace the ex vivo TDAR in the future, but their implementation in routine toxicol. also enables refinement of existing in vivo studies by reducing the numbers of animals.

Toxicology In Vitro published new progress about Antibodies and Immunoglobulins Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Quality Control of 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Wang, Di; Li, Qian; Qu, Yidi; Wang, Mengya; Li, Lanzhou; Liu, Yang; Li, Yu published the artcile< The investigation of immunomodulatory activities of Gloeostereum incaratum polysaccharides in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression mice>, Application In Synthesis of 6055-19-2, the main research area is cyclophosphamide monohydrate mouse immunosuppression Gloeostereum polysaccharide immunomodulatory activity; Gloeostereum incaratum; cyclophosphamide; immunomodulatory effect; oxidative stress; polysaccharides.

Gloeostereum incarnatum, a precious edible mushroom, displays anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities; however, its immunomodulatory effect has not been studied yet. The present study aimed to investigate whether polysaccharide compositions of G. incarnatum polysaccharides possess immunomodulatory and immuno-enhancing effects in a Cyclophosphamide monohydrate -induced BALB/c mice model. The 28-day GIPS administration at doses of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.9 g/kg remarkably reversed the bodyweight loss, increased the thymic index and promoted T lymphocyte proliferation in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice. GIPS significantly raised the serum levels of IgA and IgG, promoted the production of interleukins , including IL-2, IL-3 and IL-6, interferons, including interferon IFN-α and IFN-γ, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in the spleen, which resulted in accelerating recovery of immunosuppression. Finally, GIPS showed anti-oxidative effects indicated by the increased superoxide dismutase levels in the serum and spleen, and the reduced level of reactive oxygen species in the spleen. The results of the current study demonstrated that GIPS pos. adjusts the immune system, which may serve as a potential immunostimulatory agent.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine published new progress about Cell proliferation. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Application In Synthesis of 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Kotova, N.; Hebert, N.; Haernwall, E.-L.; Vare, D.; Mazurier, C.; Douay, L.; Jenssen, D.; Grawe, J. published the artcile< A novel micronucleus in vitro assay utilizing human hematopoietic stem cells>, Product Details of C7H17Cl2N2O3P, the main research area is micronucleus assay human erythrocyte hematopoietic stem cell genotoxicity; Erythrocytes; Flow cytometry; Genotoxicity in vitro; Micronucleus test; Stem cells.

The induction of micronucleated reticulocytes in the bone marrow is a sensitive indicator of chromosomal damage. Therefore, the micronucleus assay in rodents is widely used in genotoxicity and carcinogenicity testing. A test system based on cultured human primary cells could potentially provide better prediction compared to animal tests, increasing patient safety while also implementing the 3Rs principle, i.e., replace, reduce and refine. Hereby, the authors describe the development of an in vitro micronucleus assay based on animal-free ex vivo culture of human red blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells. To validate the method, five clastogens with direct action, three clastogens requiring metabolic activation, four aneugenic and three non-genotoxic compounds have been tested. Also, different metabolic systems have been applied. Flow cytometry was used for detection and enumeration of micronuclei. Altogether, the results were in agreement with the published data and indicated that a sensitive and cost effective in vitro assay to assess genotoxicity with a potential to high-throughput screening has been developed.

Toxicology In Vitro published new progress about Aneugens. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Product Details of C7H17Cl2N2O3P.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Jung, Hyun-Joo; Chen, Zheng; McCarty, Nami published the artcile< Stem-like tumor cells confer drug resistant properties to mantle cell lymphoma>, Recommanded Product: 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate, the main research area is chemotherapy resistance mantle cell lymphoma cytotoxic.

We recently identified clonogenic malignant stem cell populations in human mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), a particularly deadly subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We discovered that CD45++CD19– MCL cells, which we termed MCL-initiating cells (MCL-ICs), are highly tumorigenic and display self-renewal capacity in vivo; in contrast, CD45++CD19++ MCL cells, which constitute the vast majority of cells within the tumors, show no self-renewal capacity and greatly reduced tumorigenicity. Given the newly appreciated role of cancer-initiating cells in the drug resistance of cancers, it is critical to investigate whether CD45++CD19– MCL-ICs play a role in the drug resistance of human MCL. We discovered that MCL-ICs were more resistant to clin. relevant chemotherapeutic agents, in combination or in a single regimen, compared to CD45++CD19++ cells, and that this drug resistance was largely due to quiescent properties with enriched ABC transporters. In conclusion, designing novel therapies to kill CD45++CD19– MCL-ICs may prevent relapse and increase patient survival.

Leukemia & Lymphoma published new progress about Antitumor agent resistance. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Recommanded Product: 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Pasula, Chandra Sekhar; Tadakaluru, Yasodha Lakshmi; Sannidhi, Ranga Suresh; Pujari, Venkata Suresh Reddy; Chirumamilla, Venkata Satish Kumar; Yekkanti, Raja Ratna Reddy published the artcile< Comparative analysis of cyclophosphamide monohydrate clastogenicity and mutagenicity in healthy human lymphocytes and L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma cells>, Computed Properties of 6055-19-2, the main research area is human lymphocyte lymphoma cell cyclophosphamide monohydrate clastogenicity mutagenicity.

The study was conducted to evaluate and compare the clastogenicity and mutagenicity of cyclophosphamide monohydrate in In vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test (CAT) using cultured healthy human whole blood lymphocytes and In vitro Cell Gene Mutation Assay (CGM) using L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma cells as per OECD guidelines Number 473 & 476 resp., both in the presence (2%volume/volume) and absence of metabolic activation system. Cyclophosphamide monohydrate is mutagenic at the doses 1.95, 3.90, 7.81, 15.62 μg/mL in CGM and 15.62, 31.25, 62.5 μg/mL in CAT. Mutagenicity was observed only in the presence of metabolic activation system in both CGM and CAT. Cyclophosphamide monohydrates require metabolic activation for its mutagenicity in both the tests. A lower dose of cyclophosphamide monohydrate is mutagenic in CGM than CAT. Based on the pos. response of cyclophosphamide monohydrate in both Assays, colony sizing was performed in CGM, dose dependent increase in the small size colonies were observed Mutant cells that have suffered the most extensive genetic damage have prolonged doubling times and thus form small colonies. This damage typically ranges in scale from the losses of the entire gene to karyotypically visible chromosome aberrations. Small colony number data from CGM may provide clastogenicity details of test drug and provide the basis for the comparison, results correlation in CGM and CAT. Small colony number data of CGM may also provide the range of dose for CAT, before study conduct and provide scientific justification for step wise study selection to evaluate the genotoxicity of test drug.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences published new progress about Chromosome aberrations. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Computed Properties of 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics