Author: Jessica.F

Synthesis, aggregation and adsorption behavior of benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium based double-chained metallosurfactants was written by Wagay, Tariq Ahmad;Askari, Hassan;Ismail, K.. And the article was included in Journal of Molecular Liquids in 2020.Safety of N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium (BDHA) based double-chained metallosurfactants, BDHA₂[MCl₄] (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) were synthesized and characterized by elemental anal., NMR (¹H, ¹³C) and FT-IR spectroscopy. Thermal gravimetric anal. showed more stability of synthesized metallosurfactants as compared to the precursor benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride. Their critical micelle concentration (cmc) values were determined in aqueous medium by using surface tension, conductivity and fluorescence spectrophotometric methods. The cmc values follow the order: Mn > Co ≈ Cu ≈ Zn > Ni. The thermodn. parameters of micellization were computed from the temperature dependence of the cmc. These metallosurfactants have surprisingly low counterion binding constant values (0.25 to 0.31) compared to benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride and other ionic surfactants. Compensation of enthalpy and entropy of micellization of BDHA₂[MCl₄] metallosurfactants is observed in the aqueous medium. Adsorption behavior of BDHA₂[MCl₄] metallosurfactants was assessed by calculating surface excess and area per mol. at the air/water interface. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements revealed the small average hydrodynamic diameter of highly stable micelles of the metallosurfactants in aqueous solutions (hydrodynamic diameter = 4-6 nm with polydispersity index <0.13 and zeta potential >+45 mV). Transmission electron microscope measurements also showed the presence of small spherical micelles. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9Safety of N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride).

N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines stimulate the central nervous system and cause convulsions, tremor, nausea, and mental confusion. Examples are dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, lindane, endosulfan, and dieldrin. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.Safety of N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Solid-Liquid Phase Equilibria and Boron Species Distribution in the Quaternary System LiCl-LiBO₂-Li₂B₄O₇-H₂O at T = 323.15 K and P = 0.1 MPa was written by Zhang, Tao;Zhuang, Liwei;Li, Dan;Meng, Lingzong;Deng, Tianlong;Guo, Yafei;Ma, Yong. And the article was included in Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data in 2022.SDS of cas: 7447-41-8 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The solubilities of salts, refractive indexes, and pH values of the equilibrium liquid phases in the quaternary system LiCl-LiBO₂-Li₂B₄O₇-H₂O at 323.15 K were investigated by the isothermal dissolution method for the first time. The dry-salt diagram of the quaternary system consisted of one invariant point, three univariant curves and three crystallization fields corresponding to LiCl·H₂O, LiBO₂·2H₂O, and Li₂B₄O₇·3H₂O. The solution refractive indexes and pH values change regularly with the changing of concentration Combining the equilibrium constants for different boron species, the distributions of six boron species in the mixed solution in the systems LiCl-LiBO₂-H₂O, LiBO₂-Li₂B₄O₇-H₂O, and LiCl-Li₂B₄O₇-LiBO₂-H₂O were calculated with the total boron concentration and pH values. The main boron species in the mixed solution of the quaternary system are B₃O₃(OH)₄^–, B₄O₅(OH)₄^2-, B(OH)₃, and B₅O₆(OH)₄^–. The boron species distributions are mainly affected by the pH values and the concentration of total boron and LiCl in the solution The results of phase diagram and boron species distribution in the quaternary system can supply foundation data for separating lithium borate from brines. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Lithium chloride (cas: 7447-41-8SDS of cas: 7447-41-8).

Lithium chloride (cas: 7447-41-8) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides are compounds containing a carbon-chlorine bond, which are widely used in the oil field as a wax dissolver. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.SDS of cas: 7447-41-8

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Kinetics-controlled synthesis of gold-silver nanosheets with abundant in-plane cracking and their trimetallic derivatives for plasmon-enhanced catalysis was written by Zheng, Yiqun;Zhang, Gongguo;Ma, Yanyun;Kong, Yuhan;Liu, Feng;Liu, Maochang. And the article was included in CrystEngComm in 2022.COA of Formula: Cl4Na2Pd The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Controlled synthesis of two-dimensional noble metal nanomaterials with an in-plane branching morphol. has been of great research interest recently, but has so far achieved limited success for AuAg-based nanocrystals. Herein, we report the fabrication of gold-silver (AuAg) nanosheets with abundant in-plane cracking and sub-10 nm thickness via one-pot kinetics-controlled synthesis. In particular, the dropwise addition of Au/Ag precursor solutions into a mixture of octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride and ascorbic acid, kept in an ice-water bath, leads to the formation of nanobelts/nanowires initially, followed by their growth into branched nanosheets. These AuAg products can further convert to AuAgM (M = Pd or Pt) nanosheets via galvanic replacement reaction under ambient conditions. Interestingly, the AuAgPd nanosheets are obtained with a Au@PdAg core-shell elemental distribution with many zigzag edges. In contrast, the AuAgPt nanosheets show a homogeneous distribution of all three metals, together with a highly stippled surface. All these AuAg-based nanosheets exhibit strong absorbance in the near-IR region and thus show superb activities as photocatalysts for UV-vis light-assisted reduction of 4-nitrophenol due to the effect of plasmon enhancement. The present study provides a feasible route to generating AuAg-based multimetallic nanocrystals with a two-dimensional structure, in-plane branching morphol., and effective control over the elemental distribution, which could be potentially extended to other noble metals and/or alloys for the rational design of plasmonic photocatalysts. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Sodium tetrachloropalladate(II) (cas: 13820-53-6COA of Formula: Cl4Na2Pd).

Sodium tetrachloropalladate(II) (cas: 13820-53-6) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations. The haloform reaction, using chlorine and sodium hydroxide, is also able to generate alkyl halides from methyl ketones, and related compounds. Chloroform was formerly produced thus.COA of Formula: Cl4Na2Pd

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Palladium (Pd⁰) Loading-Controlled Catalytic Activity and Selectivity for Chlorophenol Hydrodechlorination and Hydrosaturation was written by Luo, Yi-Hao;Cai, Yuhang;Long, Xiangxing;Zhou, Dandan;Zhou, Chen;Rittmann, Bruce E.. And the article was included in Environmental Science & Technology in 2022.HPLC of Formula: 13820-53-6 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Reductive catalysis by zero-valent palladium nanoparticles (Pd⁰NPs) has emerged as an efficient strategy for promoting the detoxification of chlorophenols (CPs) via hydrogenation. Most studies achieved hydrodechlorination of CP to phenol for detoxification, but it requires considerably high energy input and harsh conditions to further hydrosaturate phenol to cyclohexanone (CHN) as the most desired product for resource recovery. This study documented 4-CP hydrodechlorination and hydrosatn. catalyzed by Pd⁰NPs deposited on H₂-transfer membranes in the H₂-based membrane catalyst-film reactor, which yielded up to 99% CHN selectivity under ambient conditions. It was further discovered that the Pd⁰ morphol. and size, both determined by Pd⁰ loading, were the key factors controlling the catalytic activity and selectivity: while sub-nano Pd particles catalyzed only 4-CP hydrodechlorination, Pd⁰NPs were able to catalyze the subsequent hydrosatn. that requires more Pd⁰ reactive sites than hydrodechlorination. In addition, better dispersion of Pd⁰, caused by lower Pd⁰ loading, yielded higher activity for hydrodechlorination but lower activity for hydrosatn. During the 15 day continuous tests, the substantial product from 4-CP hydrogenation was constantly phenol (>98%) for 0.2 g-Pd/m² and CHN (>92%) for 1.0 g-Pd/m². This study opens the door for selectively manipulating desired products from Pd⁰-catalyzed CP hydrogenation under ambient conditions. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Sodium tetrachloropalladate(II) (cas: 13820-53-6HPLC of Formula: 13820-53-6).

Sodium tetrachloropalladate(II) (cas: 13820-53-6) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, pesticides, chloromethane, teflon, insulators. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.HPLC of Formula: 13820-53-6

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Modification of nano-clays with ionic liquids for the removal of Cd (II) ion from aqueous phase was written by Naderi, Arman;Delavar, Mohmmad Amir;Ghorbani, Yousef;Kaboudin, Babak;Hosseini, Mehdi. And the article was included in Applied Clay Science in 2018.Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The present study attempts to synthesize nano-modified clays of Na-bentonite (Bent) and montmorillonite (MT), using three imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) including 3,3′-(hexyl)bis(3-methylimidazolium) bromide chloride (H(mim)₂[Br][Cl]), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Hmim][Cl]) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Omim][Cl]). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed IR spectroscopy (FT-IR), carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen elemental anal. (CHN), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and sp. surface area (SSA) (using N₂-BET) techniques provided evidence of successful modification of the guest clays. Removal of Cd (II) from aqueous phase was investigated using the modified clays under different exptl. conditions of reaction time, pH and adsorbent dosage. Detailed isotherms and kinetic studies showed that the modified clays have much higher Cd (II) adsorption capacity compared to those of the starting clay minerals. The maximum Cd (II) absorption capacities of 87.46 and 94.6mg g^-1 were observed in [H(mim)₂]-MT and [H(mim)₂]-Bent with d-values of 35.4Å and 28.3Å resp. The [Omim]-clays had the highest adsorption affinities of Cd (II) in initial concentrations of Cd (II). This study shows that ILs could enhance the clay capacity and tendency for Cd (II) absorption with different trends based on the ILs structures. The modified clays using ILs are green and eco-friendly adsorbents and due to substantial increase in their capacity for the removal of heavy metals, they could have pos. economic and environmental impacts. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 1-Bromo-6-chlorohexane (cas: 6294-17-3Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks).

1-Bromo-6-chlorohexane (cas: 6294-17-3) belongs to organic chlorides. Chlorinated organic compounds are found in nearly every class of biomolecules and natural products including alkaloids, terpenes, amino acids, flavonoids, steroids, and fatty acids. Organochlorine compounds are lipophylic, meaning they are more soluble in fat than in water. This gives them a high tenancy to accumulate in the food chain (biomagnification).Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

A fast and robust method for the extraction and analysis of quaternary alkyl ammonium compounds from soil and sewage sludge was written by Heyde, Benjamin Justus;Barthel, Anne;Siemens, Jan;Mulder, Ines. And the article was included in PLoS One in 2020.Product Details of 122-18-9 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Alkyltrimethylammonium compounds (ATMACs), dialkyldimethylammonium compounds (DADMACs) and benzylalkyldimethylethylammonium compounds (BACs) are quaternary alkylammonium compounds (QAAC), which are released into the environment in large quantities after their use in cleaning agents and disinfectants. Despite their potential role as selective agents promoting resistance against QAACs as well as antibiotics, there is a lack of data for QAACs in soil due to the lack of sensitive anal. methods. Therefore, we present a robust and fast method for the extraction and quantification of concentrations of these compounds in soil and sewage sludge. The method is based on ultrasonic extraction (USE) with a mixture of acetonitrile and HCl followed by a solid phase extraction (SPE) cleaning step and a subsequent quantification of concentrations with high performance liquid chromatog. with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in multi mass reaction mode (MRM). The proposed method is suitable for the quantification of ATMACs (chain length C-8 to C-16), BACs (C-8 to C-18) and DADMACs (C-8 to C-16). The achieved limits of quantification (LOQ) range from 0.1μg kg-1 to 2.1μg kg-1. The recovery rates of spiked soil samples for non-deuterated homologues were between 47% and 57%. The anal. of sewage sludge samples and soil samples revealed that BAC-C12 was the most abundant QAAC with concentrations up to 38600μg kg-1 in sewage sludge and up to 81μg kg-1 in a Mexican soil that was irrigated with wastewater. Overall, the presented methods open perspectives for effectively studying fate and effects of QAACs in soils. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9Product Details of 122-18-9).

N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can cause corrosion in pipelines, valves and condensers, and cause catalyst poisoning. The hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) and others are affected by damage caused by these substances. Organochlorine compounds are lipophylic, meaning they are more soluble in fat than in water. This gives them a high tenancy to accumulate in the food chain (biomagnification).Product Details of 122-18-9

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

New carvacrol and thymol derivatives as potential insecticides: synthesis, biological activity, computational studies and nanoencapsulation was written by Natal, Carolina M.;Fernandes, Maria Jose G.;Pinto, Nuno F. S.;Pereira, Renato B.;Vieira, Tatiana F.;Rodrigues, Ana Rita O.;Pereira, David M.;Sousa, Sergio F.;Fortes, A. Gil;Castanheira, Elisabete M. S.;T. Goncalves, M. Sameiro. And the article was included in RSC Advances in 2021.Electric Literature of C6H9ClO3 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

New compounds with potential insecticide activity were synthesized by structural modifications performed in the monoterpenoid phenolic moieties of carvacrol and thymol, resulting in a set of derivatives with the ether function containing the Pr, chloropropyl or hydroxypropyl chains, as well as a bicyclic ether with an unsaturated chain containing a carboxylic acid terminal. In addition, an analog of carvacrol and thymol isomers bearing methoxyl, 1-hydroxyethyl and (3-chlorobenzoyl)oxy, instead of the three original Me groups, was also synthesized. Several structural changes that resulted in diminished insecticide activity have been identified, but two significantly active mols. have been synthesized, one of them being less toxic to human cells than the naturally-derived starting materials. Structure-based inverted virtual screening and mol. dynamics simulations demonstrate that these active mols. likely target the insect odorant binding proteins and/or acetylcholinesterase and are able to form stable complexes. For the most promising compounds, nanoencapsulation assays were carried out in liposomes of egg phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol (7 : 3) prepared by both thin film hydration and ethanolic injection methods. The compound-loaded liposomes were generally monodisperse and with sizes smaller than or around 200 nm. The thin film hydration method allowed high encapsulation efficiencies (above 85%) for both compounds and a delayed release, while for the systems prepared by ethanolic injection the encapsulation efficiency is lower than 50%, but the release is almost complete in two days. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (cas: 638-07-3Electric Literature of C6H9ClO3).

Ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (cas: 638-07-3) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides are compounds containing a carbon-chlorine bond, which are widely used in the oil field as a wax dissolver. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.Electric Literature of C6H9ClO3

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthesis of novel triazine charring agent and its effect in intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene was written by Feng, Caimin;Zhang, Yi;Liu, Siwei;Chi, Zhenguo;Xu, Jiarui. And the article was included in Journal of Applied Polymer Science in 2012.Application of 2272-40-4 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

A novel charring agent (CNCA-DA) containing triazine and benzene ring, using cyanuric chloride, aniline, and ethylenediamine as raw materials, was synthesized and characterized. The effects of CNCA-DA on flame retardancy, thermal degradation, and flammability properties of polypropylene (PP) were investigated by limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), thermogravimetric anal. (TGA), and cone calorimeter test (CCT). The TGA results showed that CNCA-DA had a good char forming ability, and a high initial temperature of thermal degradation; the char residue of CNCA-DA reached 18.5% at 800°; Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) could improve the char residue of APP/CNCA-DA system, the char residue reached 31.6% at 800°. The results from LOI and UL-94 showed that the intumescent flame retardant (IFR) containing CNCA-DA and APP was very effective in flame retardancy of PP. When the mass ratio of APP and CNCA-DA was 2 : 1, and the IFR loading was 30%, the IFR showed the best effect; the LOI value reached 35.6%. It was also found that when the IFR loading was only 20%, the flame retardancy of PP/IFR can still pass V-0 rating in UL-94 tests, and its LOI value reached 27.1%. The CCT results demonstrated that IFR could clearly change the decomposition behavior of PP and form a char layer on the surface of the composites, consequently resulting in efficient reduction of the flammability parameters, such as heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), total smoke production (TSP), and mass loss (ML). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,6-Dichloro-N-phenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (cas: 2272-40-4Application of 2272-40-4).

4,6-Dichloro-N-phenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (cas: 2272-40-4) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides are compounds containing a carbon-chlorine bond, which are widely used in the oil field as a wax dissolver. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.Application of 2272-40-4

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

A novel electrochemical aptasensor for serum dopamine detection based on methylene blue-integrated m-PdNFs signal material was written by Zhang, Chengli;You, Xun;Li, Yuliang;Zuo, Yuanyuan;Wang, Wei;Li, DanDan;Huang, ShengWei;Hu, Hangzhi;Yuan, Feng;Shao, Fuqiang;Yin, Minggang. And the article was included in Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical in 2022.Synthetic Route of Cl4Na2Pd The following contents are mentioned in the article:

In this work, an aptamer was used as an identifying mol. and a novel amplification strategy based on Ce-MOF and m-PdNFs-G4-MBs for the sensitive detection of dopamine (DA) is demonstrated. Notably, a novel dopamine aptamer with higher affinity and specificity was chosen, and the PdNF was functionalized with MB via embeddedness and surface decoration for enhancing the intensity of electrochem. signal. The synthesized m-PdNFs-G4-MBs nanocomposite not only acts as the electrochem. indicator but also to label single-stranded DNA (S2) to acquire signaling probes (m-PdNFs-S2-G4-MBs) as a nanocarrier. Besides, an -NH2 modified single-strand DNA (S1) is designed, and form an S1-AP double-strand by annealing reaction with aptamer (AP), then the S1-AP is fixed on the Ce-MOF surface, decorated on electrode. In the presence of DA, DA bind to the AP and S1 regain single-stranded structure. And then, the single-stranded S1 recognizes m-PdNFs-S2-G4-MBs and captures them, ultimately producing an enhanced elec. signal. Due to the extraordinary conductive performance of Ce-MOF and the signal amplification of m-PdNFs-S2-G4-MBs, the new detection platform achieves a min. detection limit to 6 pmol/L for DA and with a good specificity. Prominently, the results obtained from our platform for serum DA detection are highly consistent with the UPLC-MS method. These results suggest that this new platform has the potential to provide a convenient and efficient tool for the diagnosis of multiple neurol. disorders in the future. This work also provides a good strategy for the construction of other biomol. sensors. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Sodium tetrachloropalladate(II) (cas: 13820-53-6Synthetic Route of Cl4Na2Pd).

Sodium tetrachloropalladate(II) (cas: 13820-53-6) belongs to organic chlorides. Chlorination modifies the physical properties of hydrocarbons in several ways. These compounds are typically denser than water due to the higher atomic weight of chlorine versus hydrogen.While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available. Alkyl chlorides readily undergo attack by nucleophiles.Synthetic Route of Cl4Na2Pd

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Ethylenic conjugated coumarin thiazolidinediones as new efficient antimicrobial modulators against clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was written by Hu, Chun-Fang;Zhang, Peng-Li;Sui, Yan-Fei;Lv, Jing-Song;Ansari, Mohammad Fawad;Battini, Narsaiah;Li, Shuo;Zhou, Cheng-He;Geng, Rong-Xia. And the article was included in Bioorganic Chemistry in 2020.Name: Ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Ethylenic conjugated coumarin thiazolidinediones as potential multi-targeting new antimicrobial compounds I [R¹ = H, Me; R² = H, Et, CH₂HC=CH₂, 4-FC₆H₄CH₂, etc.; R³ = H, CH₂HC=CH₂, CH₂C≡CH] were synthesized through convenient procedures from com. available resorcinol and were evaluated for their antimicrobial potency. Bioactive evaluation revealed that some of the prepared compounds I showed strong antimicrobial activities toward the tested microorganisms including clin. drug-resistant strains. Especially, propargyl derivative I [R¹ = Me; R² = CH₂C≡CH; R³ = H] exhibited effective anti-MRSA potency with MIC value of 0.006μmol/mL, which was highly advantageous over clin. antibacterial drug norfloxacin. Compound I [R¹ = Me; R² = CH₂C≡CH; R³ = H] showed rapid killing effect, low toxicity against hepatocyte LO2 cell line and no obvious drug resistance development against MRSA. Preliminary exploration of action mechanism manifested that compd I [R¹ = Me; R² = CH₂C≡CH; R³ = H] acted upon MRSA through forming stable supramol. complex with bacterial DNA which might impede DNA replication. Mol. docking showed that compound I [R¹ = Me; R² = CH₂C≡CH; R³ = H] could bind with DNA-gyrase through hydrogen bonds. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (cas: 638-07-3Name: Ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate).

Ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (cas: 638-07-3) belongs to organic chlorides. An organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications.While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available. Alkyl chlorides readily undergo attack by nucleophiles.Name: Ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics