Author: Jessica.F

The reaction rate of a catalyzed reaction is faster than the reaction rate of the uncatalyzed reaction at the same temperature. 586-75-4, Name is 4-Bromobenzoyl chloride, SMILES is O=C(Cl)C1=CC=C(Br)C=C1, in an article , author is Ouksel, Louiza, once mentioned of 586-75-4, Quality Control of 4-Bromobenzoyl chloride.

Solvent and catalyst-free synthesis, corrosion protection, thermodynamic, MDS and DFT calculation of two environmentally friendly inhibitors: Bis-phosphonic acids

Solvent and catalyst-free synthesis of two bis-phosphonic acids were realized adopting one-pot reaction of 2,6-bis (hydroxymethyl)-4-methoxyphenol or 4-chloro- 2,6-bis (hydroxymethyl) phenol with trialkyl phosphite. Their structures were confirmed by H-1, C-13, P-31 NMR and IR spectroscopies. The molecular structures have been optimized using DFT, and the related calculated vibrational frequencies and NMR shift confirm the proposed structures. Chemical and electrochemical tests evaluated the inhibitive capabilities on the XC48 steel corrosion against 1 M HCl. The weight loss (chemical one) shows that the adsorption on the XC48 steel surface obeys to Langmuir isotherm, while the polarization measurements suggest that the inhibition process is mixt, the results of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) prove an increase of the inhibition efficiency with the increase of inhibitor concentrations. The surface topographies were analyzed by the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The Density Functional Theory (DFT) with B3LYP as correlation function and 6-31G (p, d) as basis sets were used to determine some theoretical physic-chemical parameters affecting the corrosion inhibition and on the other hand the DFT develop the Frontier Molecular Orbitals (FMOs) and the Molecular Electrostatic Potentials (MEP) and through a discussion was made about their relationship with the inhibition of the corrosion. At the end, Molecular Dynamics Simulations (MDS) based on Monte-Carlo calculations were accomplished to simulate the interface configuration between the inhibitor molecules and Fe (110)/H2O. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Chemo-enzymatic cascade processes are invaluable due to their ability to rapidly construct high-value products from available feedstock chemicals in a one-pot relay manner. In an article, author is Shang, Xian-chao, once mentioned the application of 1642-81-5, Name is 4-(Chloromethyl)benzoic acid, molecular formula is C8H7ClO2, molecular weight is 170.59, MDL number is MFCD00002568, category is chlorides-buliding-blocks. Now introduce a scientific discovery about this category, Recommanded Product: 4-(Chloromethyl)benzoic acid.

Microwave-assisted extraction, partial purification and biological activity in vitro of polysaccharides from bladder-wrack (Fucus vesiculosus) by using deep eutectic solvents

Based on natural deep eutectic solvents (DESs), microwave-assisted green extraction was applied for production of polysaccharides from bladder-wrack (Fucus vesiculosus). In this study, nine different combinations of deep eutectic solvents were evaluated for extraction of polysaccharides from bladder-wrack, and the results showed that DES system composed of choline chloride and 1,4-butanediol with molar ratio of 1:5 possessed the optimal extraction efficiency for polysaccharides. A three-level and four-variable Box-Behnken design (BBD), a specific design of response surface methodology (RSM), was used to determine the optimum extraction conditions for the maximum yields of polysaccharides from bladder-wrack by using DESs. The maximum yields of polysaccharides attained 116.33 mg/g within DES water content of 32%, extraction time of 35 min, extraction temperature of 168 degrees C and solid-liquid ratio of 39 mg/mL. After partial separation and purification of the polysaccharides extracted by DESs, antioxidant activity and anticancer activity in vitro were evaluated. The results revealed that polysaccharides extracted from bladder-wrack exhibited excellent antioxidant activities in vitro including DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activity. For human cervical cancer HeLa cells, the polysaccharides possessed a strong inhibition effect on the growth rate. So these results indicate that deep eutectic solvent, as an environmentally-friendly solvent, can be applied to extract polysaccharides from multifarious plant materials.

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Reference of 139631-62-2, Catalysts allow a reaction to proceed via a pathway that has a lower activation energy than the uncatalyzed reaction. 139631-62-2, Name is Cyclopropanesulfonylchloride, SMILES is O=S(C1CC1)(Cl)=O, belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks compound. In a article, author is Wang, Min, introduce new discover of the category.

Deep eutectic solvent assisted synthesis of carbon dots using Sophora flavescens Aiton modified with polyethyleneimine: Application in myricetin sensing and cell imaging

Here, an efficient method for synthesizing carbon dots (CDs) using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) was developed. To investigate the influence of different DESs on the quantum yield of CDs, different hydrogen-bonding acceptors (HBAs) and hydrogen-bonding donors (HBDs) were used to synthesize the DES and prepare CDs. Using Sophora flavescens Aiton as precursor, CDs were prepared using choline chloride (ChCl)/urea based DES as reaction media and doping agent in the presence of water. The CDs showed strong blue fluorescence and were further modified with polyethyleneimine (CDs@PEI). The fluorescence intensity of CDs@PEI was selectively quenched by myricetin with a limit of detection (LOD) of 10 nM. Furthermore, CDs@PEI was used to analyze myricetin in the extracts that were fluorescent by DES with satisfactory performance of Abelmoschus manihot (Linn.) Medicus flowers, vine teas and blueberries. Finally, the bio-imaging application of CDs@PEI was tested and the results confirmed its potential application in bio-imaging.

Reference of 139631-62-2, Each elementary reaction can be described in terms of its molecularity, the number of molecules that collide in that step. The slowest step in a reaction mechanism is the rate-determining step.you can also check out more blogs about 139631-62-2.

874-42-0, Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde, molecular formula is C7H4Cl2O, belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks compound, is a common compound. In a patnet, author is Lee, Wonmi, once mentioned the new application about 874-42-0, Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks.

High power density near-neutral pH aqueous redox flow batteries using zinc chloride and 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonate as redox couple with polyethylene glycol additive

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) using zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonate (Tiron) redox couple is introduced. ZnCl2 and Tiron are used as negative and positive active materials, which are dissolved in near-neutral pH, ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) supporting electrolyte. Cell voltage of RFB using ZnCl2 and Tiron is extremely high as 1.8 V, while two cellulose spacers are introduced to prevent the growth of zinc dendrite on the membrane. When the performances of RFBs using ZnCl2 and Tiron are measured, their charge efficiency (CE), voltage efficiency (VE), and energy efficiency (EE) are 95, 79, and 75% at 40 mA cm(-2), whereas their capacity fading rate is high as 0.12 Ah L-1 per cycle. This is due to the zinc dendrite formed on the electrode of RFB that is attributed to the aggregation of zinc ions. To suppress the aggregation and to preserve active sites for the redox reaction of zinc ions during cycling, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) additive is suggested. Regarding the optimization of PEG, 5000 ppm PEG induces both high efficiencies (97, 81, and 79% of CE, VE, and EE at 40 mA cm(-2)) and low capacity loss rate (0.03 Ah L-1 per cycle), which are more enhanced performances than those of RFBs operated without PEG. In terms of power density of RFB using ZnCl2 and Tiron, high power density of 144 mW cm(-2) is achieved under 120 mA cm(-2), which is far better performance than that of other RFBs operated under near-neutral pH electrolyte.

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One of the major reasons for studying chemical kinetics is to use measurements of the macroscopic properties of a system, such as the rate of change in the concentration of reactants or products with time. 2687-12-9, Name is Cinnamyl chloride, formurla is C9H9Cl. In a document, author is Barbosa, Elaine Baptista, introducing its new discovery. Safety of Cinnamyl chloride.

Effects of 2% Dorzolamide Hydrochloride and 0.005% Latanoprost Solutions on the Eye Surface of Rabbits

Background: The glaucoma is a progressive optical neuropathy generally associated to the increase of the intraocular pressure (IOP). It is a disease of difficult therapeutic conduct and potential cause of blindness. The dorzolamide at 2% and the latanoprost at 0.005% are topical antiglaucoma drugs that cause significant reduction of the IOP. We decided to evaluate the local adverse effects of the dorzolamide at 2% and of the latanoprost at 0.005% in rabbits treated during 120 days. Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen adult male rabbits were used in this study. They were randomly distributed into 3 groups (G) [n = 6]. Each animal received topical treatment in both eyes: GI (latanoprost at 0.005%, SID); GII (dorzolamide at 2%, TID) and GILT (ultra-pure water, TID) during 120 days. Ophthalmological evaluation was carried out through daily clinical examination, and at the end of the 120 days of treatment, it was verified clinical-ophthalmological alterations in the eyelids. The measurement of ECC was performed in triplicate, obtaining the lowest value among them as a result. They were carried out at the same time, in the morning between 9 and 10 am in order to avoid the effects of daytime ECC variation related to corneal hydration. In animals from group I, changes were observed in two eyes. Conjunctival hyperemia and ocular secretion, both in mild degree, were evidenced, respectively, in 13.75% and 9.1% of the observations. Conjunctival hyperemia was characterized from the 16th day and lasted until the final time (120 days). The animals from GII, treated with dorzolamide at 2%, presented the highest number of ophthahnological alterations. At the end of the experiment, conjunctival and eyelid changes and presence of ocular secretion, both ranging from mild to moderate, were observed in 60% and 16.32% of eyes, respectively. The animals from control group, GIB, did not present ophthalmological alterations. Discussion: Clinical signs observed in eyes treated with 0.005% latanoprost and 2% dorzolamide hydrochloride demonstrated manifestations of toxicity and / or ocular allergy. The adverse effects described may be related to the preservative of eye drops, benzalkonium chloride, a quaternary ammonia, which demonstrated ocular tissue toxicity, in vivo and in vitro. Benzalkonium chloride present in antiglacomatous drugs can cause conjunctival inflammation affecting the normal immunological functions of the eye. The presence of the preservative mainly justifies the changes found in the group of animals treated with 0.005% latanoprost, considering that the concentration of benzalkonium chloride in this drug is 0.02%, that is, two and a half times greater than of 2% dorzolamide, which is 0.008%. It should be noted that deleterious effects were associated. The other hypothesis associated with the adverse effects observed in the 2% dorzolamide treated group is related to the pH of the drug. This eye drop has a pH of 5.6, while that of 0.005% latanoprost is 6.7. This indicates that 2% dorzolamide may have secondarily induced ocular changes by virtue of its acidic pH. The association of low pH and the presence of benzalkonium chloride in concentration above 0.005% as a preservative of eye drops explains the high percentage of changes observed in this group. When facing the results, one can conclude that the treatment with the latanoprost at 0.005% and dorzolamide at 2% promoted clinical alterations to the eyelids and the conjunctive of rabbits.

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Chemistry is the experimental and theoretical study of materials on their properties at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. 432-21-3, Name is 2-Amino-6-chlorobenzotrifluoride, molecular formula is C7H5ClF3N. In an article, author is Bao Zhenyu,once mentioned of 432-21-3, Computed Properties of C7H5ClF3N.

Analysis, Prediction and Process Optimization Concerning Ammonium Chloride Corrosion in Ebullated-Bed Hydrogenation Unit for Treating Residual Oil

Ammonium chloride corrosion in the reactor effluent system remains to be a barrier for the safe operation of the ebullated-bed hydrogenation unit as impurity content is higher compared with that of the ordinary hydrogenation units. In this research, a Sinopec envisaged case study was conducted on feed oil containing 2.92 mu g/g of Cl and 0.38% of N, because the impurity content of feed oil was representative in residue oil. The deposition patterns in heat exchangers were investigated by changing process variables, and then water wash strategy was optimized in view of the relative humidity to obtain a minimum water flowrate, and finally the process optimization suggestions concerning the operation of heat exchangers were proposed. Results show that with the measured content of nitrogen and chlorine in the feed, the NH4Cl deposition temperature of hot high-pressure vapor and hot low-pressure vapor was 223.4 degrees C and 173.7 degrees C, respectively, and the minimum water wash flowrate for heat exchangers of hot high-pressure vapor with mixed hydrogen and hot low- pressure vapor with cold low- pressure oil was 38.0 t/h and 5.4 t/h, respectively. Water wash should be carried out intermittently upstream of the heat exchanger tube passes. In consideration of energy consumption, it is recommended to reduce the tube pass outlet temperature of the above heat exchangers to 240 degrees C and 190 degrees C, respectively.

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Application of 106246-33-7, The transformation of simple hydrocarbons into more complex and valuable products via catalytic C¨CH bond functionalisation has revolutionised modern synthetic chemistry. 106246-33-7, Name is 4,4′-Methylenebis(3-chloro-2,6-diethylaniline), SMILES is NC1=C(CC)C=C(CC2=CC(CC)=C(C(CC)=C2Cl)N)C(Cl)=C1CC, belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks compound. In a article, author is Shen Yuanyuan, introduce new discover of the category.

Corrosion Inhibition Effect of Microorganism on 5754 Al Alloy in Seawater

Currently, with the gradual depletion of onshore resources, more efforts are being devoted to both scientific and resource exploitation of the ocean and the deep sea. Compared with the onshore environment, marine habitats are complex and characterized by high hydrostatic pressure, high salinity, and high marine population. The ocean is a unique aquatic environment, and it has a large population of microorganisms. There is a need to exploit the ocean for new energy sources. The significant challenges of exploiting oil, gas, and minerals have forced the people to innovate and develop advanced exploration tools. Al alloys are attractive for use in marine environments due to their low densities, high strengths, good plasticity, excellent electrical and thermal conductivities, and excellent corrosion resistance. The high chloride concentrations and microorganisms in the ocean have a significant effect on the corrosion resistance of many metallic materials. In this work, the corrosion behavior of 5754 Al alloy in seawater containing B.subtilis was investigated. The corrosion rate was analyzed by the weight loss method. The morphologies of the corrosion products and the corrosion profiles were observed by SEM and white light interferometer, respectively. The corrosion products were analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy and XRD. Finally, the corrosion mechanism of the Al alloy was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the corrosion rate of the Al alloy in the seawater with B.subtilis was 12.5 mg/(dm(2).d), which was only 1/6 times that in the seawater without the bacteria. A protective film comprising of CaMg(CO3)(2), was gradually formed on the surface of the alloy in the presence of the bacteria. The bacteria promoted the formation of the CaMg(CO3)(2 )film, which protected the alloy from the seawater, and consequently, inhibited the pitting corrosion of the Al alloy in the marine environment.

Application of 106246-33-7, The reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is called a substrate. Enzyme inhibitors cause a decrease in the reaction rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.I hope my blog about 106246-33-7 is helpful to your research.

Chemistry is the experimental science by definition. We want to make observations to prove hypothesis. For this purpose, we perform experiments in the lab. , Quality Control of (E)-2-Butenoyl chloride, 625-35-4, Name is (E)-2-Butenoyl chloride, molecular formula is C4H5ClO, belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks compound. In a document, author is Kumar, Sandeep, introduce the new discover.

Biphasic Separation Approach in the DES Biomass Fractionation Facilitates Lignin Recovery for Subsequent Valorization to Phenolics

Herein, we demonstrate a sustainable technique for quality facile lignin recovery by adopting a biphasic separation approach during the deep eutectic solvent (DES) disintegration of biomass for subsequent valorization. The tetrahydrofuran (THF)/aq NaCl combination influenced the attainment of biphasic layer separation, consequently accelerating the movement of DES-solubilized lignin to the organic phase and allowing for the easy recovery of lignin and solvents (both THF and DES) for reuse. The modified protocol facilitated similar to 32% wt lignin per wt of sawdust with a 95% purity (based on a Klason analysis), which was nearly 88% of the lignin extracted to the potential lignin of sawdust. This was achieved through the fractionation of sawdust using a choline chloride and lactic acid combination at a 1:2 molar ratio under modest thermal conditions. The obtained results were similar to 2-fold higher than those of the conventional DES protocol, employing the H2O-EtOH mixture for lignin precipitation using a similar wood substrate. All of the analytical characterization techniques, including C-13 NMR, Fourier transform infrared, gel permeation chromatography, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), established the relevant structural and morphological characteristics, making the resultant lignin an adequate feedstock for the potential production of aromatic chemicals because of the dominance of the beta-O-4 content and the limited residual constituents, including sugars and silica. Upon evaluating its suitability for phenolic chemical synthesis via hydrogenolysis, a similar to 48% butylated hydroxytoluene yield was obtained as a dominant phenolic product over heterogeneous Ru@V2O5. Overall, the findings indicated that DES is proficient in fractionating lignocellulose for the entire release of lignin (>90%). The maximum recovery of the released lignin was attributed to the superlative performance of the novel THF/aq NaCl combination through the influence of molecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interactions between the lignin and solvent, thereby establishing an alternative trend for quality lignin extraction for deriving phenolics.

A reaction mechanism is the microscopic path by which reactants are transformed into products. Each step is an elementary reaction. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 625-35-4. Quality Control of (E)-2-Butenoyl chloride.

Application of 6574-98-7, The transformation of simple hydrocarbons into more complex and valuable products via catalytic C¨CH bond functionalisation has revolutionised modern synthetic chemistry. 6574-98-7, Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzonitrile, SMILES is C1=CC(=CC(=C1C#N)Cl)Cl, belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks compound. In a article, author is Kumar, Prasann, introduce new discover of the category.

Potassium: A key modulator for cell homeostasis

Potassium (K) is the most vital and abundant macro element for the overall growth of plants and its deficiency or, excess concentration results in many diseases in plants. It is involved in regulation of many crucial roles in plant development. Depending on soil-root interactions, complex soil dynamics often results in unpredictable availability of the elements. Based on the importance index, K is considered to be the second only to nitrogen for the overall growth of plants. More than 60 enzymes within the plant system depend on K for its activation, in which K act as a key regulator. K helps plants to resist several abiotic and biotic stresses in the environment. We have reviewed the research progress about K’s role in plants covering various important considerations of K highlighting the effects of microbes on soil K+; K and its contribution to adsorbed dose in plants; the importance of K+ deficiency; physiological functions of K+ transporters and channels; and interference of abiotic stressor in the regulatory role of K. This review further highlights the scope of future research regarding K.

Application of 6574-98-7, Consequently, the presence of a catalyst will permit a system to reach equilibrium more quickly, but it has no effect on the position of the equilibrium as reflected in the value of its equilibrium constant.I hope my blog about 6574-98-7 is helpful to your research.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that produce large increases in reaction rates and tend to be specific for certain reactants and products. 627-00-9, Name is 4-Chlorobutanoic acid, molecular formula is C4H7ClO2, belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks compound. In a document, author is Jiang, Pingli, introduce the new discover, HPLC of Formula: C4H7ClO2.

Corrosion performance, corrosion fatigue behavior and mechanical integrity of an extruded Mg4Zn0.2Sn alloy

Magnesium alloys are promising as load bearing components. They are inevitably exposed to cyclic loading and corrosive environment in actual service, which can consequently result in corrosion fatigue failure and loss of mechanical integrity of the material. Therefore, in the present study, the corrosion behavior, corrosion fatigue performance and mechanical integrity of an extruded Mg4Zn0.2Sn (wt.%) alloy were thoroughly studied in two corrosive electrolytes. Strong localized corrosion occurred when the alloy was immersed in deionized water based sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. The poor corrosion resistance of the alloy resulted in a fast deterioration of the tensile properties after pre-exposure to salt spray and a poor fatigue resistance in deionized water based NaCl solution. In comparison, the active dissolution of the substrate was sufficiently suppressed in artificial tap water based NaCl solution due to the formation of highly protective corrosion product layers. This consequently conferred longer fatigue life on the alloy in the electrolyte. Our results emphasized the influence of corrosion on the fatigue behavior and tensile properties of magnesium alloys. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.

Balanced chemical reaction does not necessarily reveal either the individual elementary reactions by which a reaction occurs or its rate law. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 627-00-9. HPLC of Formula: C4H7ClO2.