Month: February 2023

Target and Suspect Screening of Pharmaceuticals and their Transformation Products in the Klip River, South Africa, using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry was written by Madikizela, Lawrence M.;Nuapia, Yannick B.;Chimuka, Luke;Ncube, Somandla;Etale, Anita. And the article was included in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry in 2022.COA of Formula: C13H9Cl3N2O This article mentions the following:

In spite of recent reports about the presence of pharmaceuticals in African water bodies, their prevalence has still not been sufficiently quantified. The few available studies have mostly focused on a limited number of pharmaceuticals. In the present study, a suspect screening of 92 compounds (mainly pharmaceuticals and their transformation products) along the Klip River, South Africa was conducted, followed by target monitoring of 21 of the detected pharmaceuticals. The exptl. approach was based on solid-phase extraction followed by anal. with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatog.-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). The results revealed 47 pharmaceuticals, 31 of which were detected for the first time in South African waters. Seven detected pharmaceuticals (propyphenazole, sulfamerazine, levamisole, tryptophan, dibucaine, albuterol, and fenpropimorph) are not approved medications in South Africa. Six pharmaceutical metabolites were detected for the first time in South Africa. Pharmaceuticals with the highest concentrations in river water were flumequine (0.257 μg L-1), oxolinic acid (0.355 μg L-1), and acetaminophen (0.432 μg L-1). Oxolinic acid presented the highest hazard quotient, 48.6, indicating a risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms. Hazard quotients for other pharmaceuticals were below 1, except that of flumequine, which reached 1.285. These results suggest a need for further research into the fate of pharmaceuticals in surface waters, and a quantification of the risks associated with the identified drugs because they are likely to accumulate in the tissues of fish/aquatic organisms, thus affecting humans. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (cas: 101-20-2COA of Formula: C13H9Cl3N2O).

1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (cas: 101-20-2) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines stimulate the central nervous system and cause convulsions, tremor, nausea, and mental confusion. Examples are dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, lindane, endosulfan, and dieldrin. Organochlorine compounds are lipophylic, meaning they are more soluble in fat than in water. This gives them a high tenancy to accumulate in the food chain (biomagnification).COA of Formula: C13H9Cl3N2O

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Palladium-Catalyzed Remote meta-Selective C-H Bond Silylation and Germanylation was written by Modak, Atanu;Patra, Tuhin;Chowdhury, Rajdip;Raul, Suman;Maiti, Debabrata. And the article was included in Organometallics in 2017.Reference of 697-73-4 This article mentions the following:

Selective meta-C-H activation of arenes until date has met with a limited number of functionalizations. Expanding the horizon of meta-C-H functionalization, herein the authors disclose an unprecedented meta-silylation and germanylation protocol by employing a simple nitrile based directing template. Longer linker between the target site and the directing template were successfully explored for meta-silylation (sp²ε and sp²ζ). Addnl., synthetic utility was demonstrated with several postsynthetic elaborations and with a formal synthesis of TAC101, a promising drug for the treatment of lung cancer. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-difluorobenzene (cas: 697-73-4Reference of 697-73-4).

2-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-difluorobenzene (cas: 697-73-4) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.Reference of 697-73-4

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Discovery of Thiophene[3,2-d]pyrimidine Derivatives as Potent HIV-1 NNRTIs Targeting the Tolerant Region I of NNIBP was written by Kang, Dongwei;Ding, Xiao;Wu, Gaochan;Huo, Zhipeng;Zhou, Zhongxia;Zhao, Tong;Feng, Da;Wang, Zhao;Tian, Ye;Daelemans, Dirk;De Clercq, Erik;Pannecouque, Christophe;Zhan, Peng;Liu, Xinyong. And the article was included in ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters in 2017.Application of 777-44-6 This article mentions the following:

The authors’ previous studies led the authors to conclude that thiophene[3,2-d]pyrimidine is a promising scaffold for diarylpyrimidine (DAPY)-type anti-HIV agents with potent activity against resistance-associated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) variants. In the present study, the authors designed and synthesized a series of thiophenepyrimidine derivatives with various substituents in the right wing region of the structure with the aim of developing new interactions with the tolerant region I of the binding pocket of the HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI), and the authors evaluated their activity against a panel of mutant HIV-1 strains. All the derivatives exhibited moderate to excellent potency against wild-type (WT) HIV-1 in MT-4 cells. Among them, sulfonamide compounds 9b (N-(4-((4-(4-cyano-2,6-dimethylphenoxy)thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)cyclohexyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonamide) and 9d (4-cyano-N-(4-((4-(4-cyano-2,6-dimethylphenoxy)thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)cyclohexyl)benzenesulfonamide) were single-figure-nanomolar inhibitors with EC₅₀ values of 9.2 and 7.1 nM, resp. Indeed, 9a (N-(4-(N-(4-((4-(4-cyano-2,6-dimethylphenoxy)thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)cyclohexyl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide) and 9d were effective against the whole viral panel except RES056. Notably, both compounds showed potent antiviral activity against K103N (EC₅₀ = 0.032 and 0.070 μM) and E138K (EC₅₀ = 0.035 and 0.045 μM, resp.). Furthermore, 9a and 9d exhibited high affinity for WT HIV-1 RT (IC₅₀ = 1.041 and 1.138 μM, resp.) and acted as classical NNRT inhibitors (NNRTIs). These results are expected to be helpful in the design of thiophenepyrimidine-based NNRTIs with more potent activity against HIV strains with RT mutations. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (cas: 777-44-6Application of 777-44-6).

3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (cas: 777-44-6) belongs to organic chlorides. Chlorination modifies the physical properties of hydrocarbons in several ways. These compounds are typically denser than water due to the higher atomic weight of chlorine versus hydrogen. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.Application of 777-44-6

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Changes in bacterial community structure and quality characteristics during fermentation of stinky variegated carp (Aristichthys nobilis) was written by Pang, Chunxia;Li, Yi;Yu, Renying;Wang, Junhao;Li, Xuerui;Chen, Yuru;Yu, Lijuan;Luo, Haibo. And the article was included in Journal of Food Processing and Preservation in 2022.Recommanded Product: Chloroformicacidn-nonylester This article mentions the following:

Bacterial metabolism greatly affects the quality and flavor of traditional, low-salt fermented fish. We assessed changes in the bacterial community structure and quality characteristics of “stinky” variegated carp (Aristichthys nobilis) during fermentation at 20°C. The total viable count (TVC), firmness, chewiness, tackiness, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels, and relative peak area of volatile compounds significantly (p < .05) increased, while the pH, weight, and elasticity dramatically decreased, during fermentation The total free amino acid (FAA) content decreased early during fermentation (from 0-2 d) and then significantly (p < .05) increased (from 3-5 d). The levels of flavorful AAs (aspartic acid, glutamate, phenylalanine, tyrosine, alanine, and glycine) increased markedly after 4 d of fermentation Solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) revealed that the levels of ketones, ethers, and nitrogenous compounds increased significantly (p < .05) during fermentation Illumina MiSeq sequencing identified Plesiomonas as the dominant bacterial genus during fermentation, followed by Aeromonas, Cetobacterium, Vibrio, and Hathewaya. These bacteria may contribute to the flavor and aroma of stinky variegated carp. The association between bacterial succession and the flavor and taste of stinky fish was also discussed. Practical applications : Variegated carp could be processed to create stinky fish. In this study, bacterial community structure and quality characteristics anal. were assessed. FAAs and volatile compounds related to flavor and aroma were found. A potential starter culture that could improve the quality of stinky variegated carp was identified. Our findings provide a theor. basis for the industrial production of fermented stinky fish. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Chloroformicacidn-nonylester (cas: 57045-82-6Recommanded Product: Chloroformicacidn-nonylester).

Chloroformicacidn-nonylester (cas: 57045-82-6) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can cause corrosion in pipelines, valves and condensers, and cause catalyst poisoning. The hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) and others are affected by damage caused by these substances. Alkanes and aryl alkanes may be chlorinated under free radical conditions, with UV light. However, the extent of chlorination is difficult to control.Recommanded Product: Chloroformicacidn-nonylester

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Spectral characteristics of dissolved organic carbon derived from biomass-pyrogenic smoke (SDOC) in the aqueous environment and its solubilization effect on hydrophobic organic pollutants was written by Zhang, Huiying;Wu, Liang;Qian, Wei;Ni, Jinzhi;Wei, Ran;Qi, Zhichong;Chen, Weifeng. And the article was included in Water Research in 2021.SDS of cas: 101-20-2 This article mentions the following:

Dissolved organic carbon derived from biomass-pyrogenic smoke (SDOC) can be transported and deposited with atm. aerosols, enter aqueous environments, and possibly alter aqueous chem. and quality. However, the characteristics of SDOC in aqueous environments and their effects on the fate of hydrophobic organic pollutants are poorly understood. In this study, we found that the emitted SDOC is 7.2∼19.6 weight% of biochar retained in situ after biomass pyrolysis, and the emitted SDOC is approx. 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than dissolved organic carbon (DOC) released from biochar in a short term, which indicates that SDOC is a more important source of DOC in aqueous environments relative to biochar-released DOC after a biomass burning/pyrolysis event. The characteristics of SDOC in aqueous environments are dominated by the <1000 Da fraction, which accounts for >96 weight% of bulk SDOC. In comparison with DOC in biochar, natural water, and soil, the S275-295 value of SDOC (0.037-0.053) is significantly greater, further indicating that SDOC has a smaller mol. size. Moreover, fluorescence EEM suggests that a fluorescence component located at the Ex/Em of 205/310 nm and the combinational ranges of fluorescence index (1.28-2.28), humification index (0.07-0.80), and biol. index (1.16-1.72) can be used to identify SDOC from DOC in other media. Solubilization experiments indicated that SDOC (20 mg/L) improved the solubility of hydrophobic pollutants (pyrene and triclocarban) by 2-6 folds in aqueous environments, which potentially enhances the mobility of pollutants and enlarges the potential risk region. This study indicates that SDOC may cause a severe harm to aqueous environments in addition to the atm. The results have profound implications for comprehensive assessments of the environmental effects of SDOC while promoting its identification and elucidating its behavior in aqueous environments. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (cas: 101-20-2SDS of cas: 101-20-2).

1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (cas: 101-20-2) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides are compounds containing a carbon-chlorine bond, which are widely used in the oil field as a wax dissolver. Alkyl chlorides readily react with amines to give substituted amines. Alkyl chlorides are substituted by softer halides such as the iodide in the Finkelstein reaction.SDS of cas: 101-20-2

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Novel antiprotozoal products: Imidazole and benzimidazole N-oxide derivatives and related compounds was written by Aguirre, Gabriela;Boiani, Mariana;Cerecetto, Hugo;Gerpe, Alejandra;Gonzalez, Mercedes;Sainz, Yolanda Fernandez;Denicola, Ana;De Ocariz, Carmen Ochoa;Nogal, Juan Jose;Montero, David;Escario, Jose Antonio. And the article was included in Archiv der Pharmazie (Weinheim, Germany) in 2004.Safety of Ethyl 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzoate This article mentions the following:

The syntheses and biol. evaluation of the first anti-protozoa imidazole N-oxide and benzimidazole N-oxide and their derivatives are reported. They were tested in vitro against two different protozoa, Trypanosoma cruzi and Trichomonas vaginalis. Derivative I, ethyl-1-(i-butyloxycarbonyloxy)-6-nitrobenzimidazole-2-carboxylate, displayed activity on both protozoa. Lipophilicity and redox potential were exptl. determined in order to study the relationship with activity of the compounds These properties are well related with the observed bioactivity. Imidazole and benzimidazole N-oxide derivatives are becoming leaders for further chem. modifications and advanced biol. studies. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzoate (cas: 16588-16-2Safety of Ethyl 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzoate).

Ethyl 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzoate (cas: 16588-16-2) belongs to organic chlorides. An organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications. The haloform reaction, using chlorine and sodium hydroxide, is also able to generate alkyl halides from methyl ketones, and related compounds. Chloroform was formerly produced thus.Safety of Ethyl 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzoate

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthesis of new derivatives of 5-alkyl-6-(2,6-dihalobenzyl)-2-(methylsulfanyl)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one and the features of their oxidation was written by Novakov, I. A.;Orlinson, B. S.;Navrotskii, M. B.;Eremiichuk, A. S.;Brunilina, L. L.;Gordeeva, E. A.;Gerasimov, E. N.. And the article was included in Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2010.Recommanded Product: 2-Chloro-6-fluorophenylacetonitrile This article mentions the following:

The synthesis and regioselective S-monomethylation of new 5-alkyl-6-(arylmethyl)-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-4(1H)-ones was investigated. Addnl., the oxidative degradation of these compounds on treatment with H₂O₂-AcOH was studied. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-Chloro-6-fluorophenylacetonitrile (cas: 75279-55-9Recommanded Product: 2-Chloro-6-fluorophenylacetonitrile).

2-Chloro-6-fluorophenylacetonitrile (cas: 75279-55-9) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations. Organochlorine compounds are lipophylic, meaning they are more soluble in fat than in water. This gives them a high tenancy to accumulate in the food chain (biomagnification).Recommanded Product: 2-Chloro-6-fluorophenylacetonitrile

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthesis and biological evaluation of imidamide analogs as selective anti-trypanosomal agents was written by Bobba, Viharika;Li, Yaxin;Afrin, Marjia;Dano, Raina;Zhang, Wenjing;Li, Bibo;Su, Bin. And the article was included in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry in 2022.Recommanded Product: 1711-11-1 This article mentions the following:

Human African trypanosomiasis is caused by a protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei majorly infecting people living in sub-Saharan Africa. Current limited available treatments suffer from drug resistance, severe adverse effects, low efficacy, and costly administrative procedures in African countries with limited medical resources. Therefore, there is always a perpetual demand for advanced drug development and invention of new strategies to combat the disease. Previous work in our lab generated a library of sulfonamide analogs as selective tubulin inhibitors, based on the structural difference between mammalian and trypanosome tubulin proteins. Further lead derivatization was performed in the current study and generated 25 potential drug candidates to improve the drug efficacy and uptake by selectively targeting the parasite′s P2 membrane transporter protein with imidamide moiety. One of the newly synthesized analogs, compound 25 with a di-imidamide moiety, has shown greater potency with an IC50 of 1 nM to selectively inhibit the growth of trypanosome cells without affecting the viability of mammalian cells. Western blot analyses reveal that the compound suppressed tubulin polymerization in T. brucei cells. A detailed structure-activity relationship (SAR) was summarized that will be used to guide future lead optimization. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Cyanobenzoyl chloride (cas: 1711-11-1Recommanded Product: 1711-11-1).

3-Cyanobenzoyl chloride (cas: 1711-11-1) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can cause corrosion in pipelines, valves and condensers, and cause catalyst poisoning. The hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) and others are affected by damage caused by these substances. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.Recommanded Product: 1711-11-1

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Manipulation of Surface Hydration States by Tuning the Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Moieties on PEDOT to Achieve Platelet-Resistant Bioelectrode Applications was written by Huang, Jing-Ju;Lin, Chia-Hsuan;Tanaka, Yukiko;Yamamoto, Aki;Luo, Shyh-Chyang;Tanaka, Masaru. And the article was included in Advanced Materials Interfaces.SDS of cas: 76-83-5 This article mentions the following:

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and its derivatives have demonstrated potential in the development of bioelectrodes because of their superior conductivity However, developing reliable implanted bioelectrodes requires improvements in biocompatibility and the prevention of nonspecific adhesion. In this study, a six ethylene glycol (EG)-functionalized EDOTs with three different EG lengths (tri-EG, tetra-EG, and hexa-EG) and two types of end groups, hydroxyl (-OH) and methoxy (-OCH₃) is synthesized and systematically investigated. By coating them on gold electrodes using electropolymerization, the surface and electrochem. properties of these functionalized PEDOT-coated electrodes are investigated. Although PEDOT with -OH groups on the surface is more hydrophilic, those with -OCH₃ groups on the surface exhibit higher electrochem. activity and lower impedance. The increase in EG units and -OCH₃ groups on the surface effectively reduces the adhesion between the PEDOT and at. force microscopy tips. PEDOT with longer EG lengths and -OCH₃ groups exhibits relatively few adhered platelets, and the results of the anal. of hydrated states through differential scanning calorimetry are consistent with those of the platelet adhesion test. This study suggests that a tetra(EG)-functionalized PEDOT with -OCH₃ groups on the surface is a promising coating for implanted bioelectrode applications. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (Chloromethanetriyl)tribenzene (cas: 76-83-5SDS of cas: 76-83-5).

(Chloromethanetriyl)tribenzene (cas: 76-83-5) belongs to organic chlorides. An organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.SDS of cas: 76-83-5

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Selective Silylation of Alcohols, Phenols and Oximes Using N-Chlorosaccharin as an Efficient Catalyst under Mild and Solvent-Free Conditions was written by Aghapour, Ghasem;Kazemi Moghaddam, Ali;Nadali, Samaneh. And the article was included in Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (Weinheim, Germany) in 2015.Application In Synthesis of 2-Chlorobenzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide This article mentions the following:

Efficient silylation of OH group in alcs., phenols and oximes using a catalytic amount of N-chlorosaccharin and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) under mild and solvent-free conditions is described. This silylation reaction can be carried out with excellent and interesting selectivities. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-Chlorobenzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide (cas: 14070-51-0Application In Synthesis of 2-Chlorobenzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide).

2-Chlorobenzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide (cas: 14070-51-0) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations. Alkanes and aryl alkanes may be chlorinated under free radical conditions, with UV light. However, the extent of chlorination is difficult to control.Application In Synthesis of 2-Chlorobenzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics