Occurrence, source apportionment and potential risks of selected PPCPs in groundwater used as a source of drinking water from key urban-rural settings of Pakistan was written by Khan, Hudda Khaleeq;Rehman, Muhammad Yasir Abdur;Junaid, Muhammad;Lv, Ming;Yue, Linxia;Haq, Ihsan-ul;Xu, Nan;Malik, Riffat Naseem. And the article was included in Science of the Total Environment in 2022.Application In Synthesis of 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea This article mentions the following:
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are emerging contaminants that have been extensively used in present time to improve the living standards Their persistence in water resources due to various anthropogenic sources such as wastewater treatment plants, pharmaceutical industries, and runoff from agricultural and livestock farms has not only threaten aquatic life but their occurrence in groundwater has also raised concerns related to humansâ?wellbeing. Considering this as a neglected area of research in Pakistan, a systematic monitoring study was designed to investigate their occurrence, sources, and potential environmental and human health risks in groundwater from urban-rural areas of six cities. Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatog.-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used to analyze the collected samples preceded by solid-phase extraction Overall, 8 out of 11 selected PPCPs were detected in groundwater samples with detection frequency ranging from 5.5-65%. Their concentrations ranged from below limit of detection (<LOD) to 1961 ng/L. The overall mean concentrations of detected PPCPs were found below 100 ng/L. The highest mean concentration was reported for Ibuprofen (154 ng/L) in Rawalpindi/Islamabad. Results of PCA-MLR revealed that domestic wastewater discharge (76.4%) was the dominant source contributing to PPCPs contamination in groundwater. Followed by mixed source (pharmaceutical & hospital waste) 17.8%, and rural discharge/animal husbandry 5.8%. No appreciable risk to human health upon exposure to detected PPCPs via drinking water was anticipated. However, environmental risk assessment indicated moderate risk posed to P. subcapitata (RQ = 0.98) and D. magna (RQ = 0.2) by ibuprofen. The current study reports the first evidence of PPCPs occurrence in groundwater in Pakistan. Reporting their occurrence in groundwater is a fundamental initial step to inform public-health decisions concerning sewage systems and drinking water quality. Hence, comprehensive monitoring programs are required to further investigate contamination of emerging contaminants in groundwater and their associated risks. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (cas: 101-20-2Application In Synthesis of 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea).
1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (cas: 101-20-2) belongs to organic chlorides. Chlorinated organic compounds are found in nearly every class of biomolecules and natural products including alkaloids, terpenes, amino acids, flavonoids, steroids, and fatty acids. Alkanes and aryl alkanes may be chlorinated under free radical conditions, with UV light. However, the extent of chlorination is difficult to control.Application In Synthesis of 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea
Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics