Month: November 2022

Dry chlorination of spent nickel metal hydride battery waste for water leaching of battery metals and rare earth elements was written by Peramaki, Siiri;Tiihonen, Antti;Rajahalme, Joona;Larsson, Sylva;Lahtinen, Elmeri;Niskanen, Joni;Budhathoki, Roshan;Vaisanen, Ari. And the article was included in Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering in 2022.Reference of 7447-41-8 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

An efficient leaching process was developed for nickel, cobalt, and the rare earth elements (REEs) from spent nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery waste. The process involves dry chlorination with ammonium chloride in low temperature to produce water-soluble chlorinated compounds, followed by simple water leaching. The factors affecting the conversion and solubilization were studied, including the amount of ammonium chloride, residence time and temperature in dry chlorination, and solid to liquid ratio, time and temperature in water leaching. As a result, the dry chlorination process was found to produce ammonium and chloride containing products, depending on the temperature of the process: ammonium metal chlorides were produced in temperatures of 250-300 °C, while increasing the temperature to 350 °C resulted in formation of metal chlorides. Overall, highest metal recoveries were achieved during 60 min residence time at a temperature of 350 °C, where ammonium is no longer present and ammonium metal chlorides and metal chlorides have formed. Water leaching was found to proceed rapidly, especially for REEs, and yields of 87% for Ni, 98% for Co, 94% for Ce, and 96% for La were attained during 60 min of leaching in room temperature This study introduces a process, which is considered as an environmentally more benign alternative to traditional mineral acid leaching, resulting in high metal leaching efficiencies with neutral leachates, requiring no chem.-intensive neutralization steps in the following processing. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Lithium chloride (cas: 7447-41-8Reference of 7447-41-8).

Lithium chloride (cas: 7447-41-8) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides are compounds containing a carbon-chlorine bond, which are widely used in the oil field as a wax dissolver. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.Reference of 7447-41-8

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of total chromium and cadmium in bean samples after ultrasonic-assisted microextraction using ionic liquid Aliquat-336 was written by Elik, Adil;Karakoy, Tolga;Cilesiz, Yeter;Altunay, Nail. And the article was included in Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society in 2021.Synthetic Route of C25H54ClN The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Abstract: A new and rapid microextraction approach termed as ultrasonic-assisted ionic liquid-based microextraction (UA-ILME) was developed using ionic liquid Aliquat-336 as extraction solvent for the extraction of chromium and cadmium in bean samples collected from different regions in Turkey. The total amounts of analytes in the samples were measured by flame at. absorption spectrophotometry. The basis of the extraction step is based on the complexation of Cr(III) and Cd(II) with diethyldithiocarbamate at pH 4.0. The hydrophobic ternary complexes containing analytes were then rapidly extracted from the sample solution to the ionic phase under the ultrasonic effect using tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat-336). Some exptl. variables (pH, ligand amount, extraction solvent volume, ultrasound time, extraction temperature and sample volume) were optimized in detail. Following the optimization steps, the limits of detection (LODs, 3Sblank/m) for Cr(III) and Cd(II) were calculated as 0.45 ng mL-1 with linear range of 1.5-380 ng mL-1 and 0.25 ng mL-1 with linear range of 0.8-220 ng mL-1, resp. Enrichment factors and average recoveries were ranged from 125.8-96.4 to 92.7-106.5%, resp. The accuracy and precision of the method were validated by analyzing a certified reference material and spiked recovery tests. The UA-ILME method was successfully applied to the determination of Cd and Cr in the samples, highlighting that the matrix ions under consideration do not affect the extraction and determination steps. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 5137-55-3Synthetic Route of C25H54ClN).

N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 5137-55-3) belongs to organic chlorides. An organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications. Alkyl chlorides readily react with amines to give substituted amines. Alkyl chlorides are substituted by softer halides such as the iodide in the Finkelstein reaction.Synthetic Route of C25H54ClN

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Roles of Anion-Cation Coupling Transport and Dehydration-Induced Ion-Membrane Interaction in Precise Separation of Ions by Nanofiltration Membranes was written by Zhai, Xiaohu;Wang, Yong-Lei;Dai, Ruobin;Li, Xuesong;Wang, Zhiwei. And the article was included in Environmental Science & Technology in 2022.Electric Literature of C4H12ClN The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Nanofiltration (NF) membranes are playing increasingly crucial roles in addressing emerging environmental challenges by precise separation, yet understanding of the selective transport mechanism is still limited. In this work, the underlying mechanisms governing precise selectivity of the polyamide NF membrane were elucidated using a series of monovalent cations with minor hydrated radius difference. The observed selectivity of a single cation was neither correlated with the hydrated radius nor hydration energy, which could not be explained by the widely accepted NF model or ion dehydration theory. Herein, we employed an Arrhenius approach combined with Monte Carlo simulation to unravel that the transmembrane process of the cation would be dominated by its pairing anion, if the anion has a greater transmembrane energy barrier, due to the constraint of anion-cation coupling transport. Mol. dynamics simulations further revealed that the distinct hydration structure was the primary origin of the energy barrier difference of cations. The cation having a larger incompressible structure after partial dehydration through subnanopores would induce a more significant ion-membrane interaction and consequently a higher energy barrier. Moreover, to validate our proposed mechanisms, a membrane grafting modification toward enlarging the energy barrier difference of dominant ions achieved a 3-fold enhancement in ion separation efficiency. Our work provides insights into the precise separation of ionic species by NF membranes. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Tetramethylammonium chloride (cas: 75-57-0Electric Literature of C4H12ClN).

Tetramethylammonium chloride (cas: 75-57-0) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, pesticides, chloromethane, teflon, insulators. Organochlorine compounds are lipophylic, meaning they are more soluble in fat than in water. This gives them a high tenancy to accumulate in the food chain (biomagnification).Electric Literature of C4H12ClN

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial, antifungal and antithrombotic activity studies of new chiral selenated Schiff bases and their Pd complexes was written by K. M., PrabhuKumar;C. E., Satheesh;P., RaghavendraKumar;M. N. S., Kumar;K., Lingaraju;P. A., Suchetan;H., Rajanaika. And the article was included in Journal of Molecular Structure in 2022.Electric Literature of Cl4Na2Pd The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Two new chiral selenated Schiff bases were synthesized on condensation of a chiral selenated amine, (R)-2-(benzylselanyl)-1-phenylethanamine with 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde ((R)-L¹H) and 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde ((R)-L²H), resp. Reactions of ligands (R)-L¹H and (R)-L²H with Na₂[PdCl₄] yielded the corresponding palladium complexes [PdCl((R)-L^1-2)] ((R)-1 and (R)-2), resp. The new ligands and complexes were characterized by ¹H, ¹³C{¹H} NMR, FTIR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The mol. structures of ligand (R)-L¹H and its Pd complex (R)-1 were determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction. These selenated Schiff base ligands and their palladium complexes were screened for dose-dependent antimicrobial and antithrombotic activities. Among these compounds, the ligand (R)-L²H and its Pd complex (R)-2 which are derived from ortho-vanillin showed higher antimicrobial and antithrombotic activities. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Sodium tetrachloropalladate(II) (cas: 13820-53-6Electric Literature of Cl4Na2Pd).

Sodium tetrachloropalladate(II) (cas: 13820-53-6) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations. Alkanes and aryl alkanes may be chlorinated under free radical conditions, with UV light. However, the extent of chlorination is difficult to control.Electric Literature of Cl4Na2Pd

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Roles of Anion-Cation Coupling Transport and Dehydration-Induced Ion-Membrane Interaction in Precise Separation of Ions by Nanofiltration Membranes was written by Zhai, Xiaohu;Wang, Yong-Lei;Dai, Ruobin;Li, Xuesong;Wang, Zhiwei. And the article was included in Environmental Science & Technology in 2022.COA of Formula: ClLi The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Nanofiltration (NF) membranes are playing increasingly crucial roles in addressing emerging environmental challenges by precise separation, yet understanding of the selective transport mechanism is still limited. In this work, the underlying mechanisms governing precise selectivity of the polyamide NF membrane were elucidated using a series of monovalent cations with minor hydrated radius difference. The observed selectivity of a single cation was neither correlated with the hydrated radius nor hydration energy, which could not be explained by the widely accepted NF model or ion dehydration theory. Herein, we employed an Arrhenius approach combined with Monte Carlo simulation to unravel that the transmembrane process of the cation would be dominated by its pairing anion, if the anion has a greater transmembrane energy barrier, due to the constraint of anion-cation coupling transport. Mol. dynamics simulations further revealed that the distinct hydration structure was the primary origin of the energy barrier difference of cations. The cation having a larger incompressible structure after partial dehydration through subnanopores would induce a more significant ion-membrane interaction and consequently a higher energy barrier. Moreover, to validate our proposed mechanisms, a membrane grafting modification toward enlarging the energy barrier difference of dominant ions achieved a 3-fold enhancement in ion separation efficiency. Our work provides insights into the precise separation of ionic species by NF membranes. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Lithium chloride (cas: 7447-41-8COA of Formula: ClLi).

Lithium chloride (cas: 7447-41-8) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, pesticides, chloromethane, teflon, insulators. Aryl chlorides may be prepared by the Friedel-Crafts halogenation, using chlorine and a Lewis acid catalyst.COA of Formula: ClLi

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Self-assembled core-shell clusters in deep eutectic solvents based on tetra-n-alkylammonium cations for high dissolution of strongly hydrogen-bonded small molecules was written by Jia, Jianhui;Chen, Jian-Bo;Du, Jianglong;Lian, Cheng;Xu, Silong;Liu, Honglai;Li, Shichun;Liu, Yu. And the article was included in Journal of Colloid and Interface Science in 2022.Name: Tetramethylammonium chloride The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Strongly hydrogen-bonded compounds such as 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB, an important insensitive high explosive) have excellent stability, but poor solubilities to limit their recrystallization, purification and recycling. In this study, core-shell clusters based on sym. tetra-n-alkylammonium [TTA]⁺ are designed to provide an inner cavity to incorporate TATB, and thus the clusters can sep. TATB from original hydrogen-bonded networks to increase largely the solubility Based on this design, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on [TTA]⁺ cations are first developed to yield self-assembled core-shell clusters for solubilizing TATB. Ninety-nine DESs based on [TTA]⁺ were prepared by combining with halide ions and hydrogen bond donors, and TATB’s solubility increases with the formation of core-shell clusters. Tetra-Bu ammonium ([TBA]⁺)-based DES (CS-1) displays excellent dissolution toward TATB. Room-temperature solubility of TATB in CS-1 with 32.88 mg/mL is about 10 times higher than recently reported ionic liquids and approx. 470 times higher than DMSO. Compared to traditional solvents, CS-1 shows economical and high dissolution ability toward TATB. The dissolution mechanism is demonstrated by exptl. characterizations and theor. calculations After forming Zundel-type complexes between TATB and F^–, the complexes as the core are surrounded by [TBA]⁺ as the shell to yield core-shell clusters through self-assembly of electrostatic interaction. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Tetramethylammonium chloride (cas: 75-57-0Name: Tetramethylammonium chloride).

Tetramethylammonium chloride (cas: 75-57-0) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations.While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available. Alkyl chlorides readily undergo attack by nucleophiles.Name: Tetramethylammonium chloride

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Molecular Simulation and Experimental Study on Low-Viscosity Ionic Liquids for High-Efficient Capturing of CO₂ was written by Zhao, Zhijun;Gao, Jubao;Luo, Mingsheng;Liu, Xinyue;Zhao, Yongsheng;Fei, Weiyang. And the article was included in Energy & Fuels in 2022.COA of Formula: C25H54ClN The following contents are mentioned in the article:

In recent decades, ionic liquids (ILs) have been developed as an ideal and reversible decarbonization solvent. However, some pitfalls, such as the low CO₂ capacity and high viscosity of ILs, limit their further scale up and industrial application. Therefore, in this work, three novel functional ILs [N₈₈₈₁][NIA], [N₈₈₈₁][For], and [N₈₈₈₁][Ac] were synthesized after using a mol. design method to capture CO₂ at 303.15-333.15 K and pressures up to 1000 kPa. The exptl. results illustrate that [N₈₈₈₁][NIA] presents the smallest viscosity and the highest CO₂ solubility The capacity order is [N₈₈₈₁][NIA] > [N₈₈₈₁][For] > [N₈₈₈₁][Ac] under the same exptl. conditions. The CO₂ recyclability experiments using [N₈₈₈₁][NIA] show the stability of CO₂ solubility after 5 cycles. The quantum chem. simulations at the level of DFT/B3LYP with 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets were used to study the CO₂ absorption mechanism in the studied ILs from the mol. viewpoint. Simulation results illustrated that the higher interaction energy between CO₂ and ILs means more CO₂ absorbed in these ILs, which agreed well with the exptl. results. The atoms in mols. theory and the function of the reduced d. gradient were also used to calculate the interactions in these IL-CO₂ systems. Results show that the majority of these interactions present an electrostatic character. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 5137-55-3COA of Formula: C25H54ClN).

N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 5137-55-3) belongs to organic chlorides. Chlorinated organic compounds are found in nearly every class of biomolecules and natural products including alkaloids, terpenes, amino acids, flavonoids, steroids, and fatty acids. Alkyl chlorides readily react with amines to give substituted amines. Alkyl chlorides are substituted by softer halides such as the iodide in the Finkelstein reaction.COA of Formula: C25H54ClN

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Effect of hydrothermal carbonization and eutectic salt mixture (KCl/LiCl) on the pyrolysis of Kraft lignin as revealed by thermal analysis coupled to advanced high-resolution mass spectrometry was written by Friederici, Lukas;Mesceriakove, Sara-Maaria;Neumann, Anika;Sermyagina, Ekaterina;Mesceriakovas, Arunas;Laehde, Anna;Grimmer, Christoph;Streibel, Thorsten;Rueger, Christopher P.;Zimmermann, Ralf. And the article was included in Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis in 2022.Application of 7447-41-8 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The production of graphite requires high temperatures, and fossil petroleum, coal, or nutshells are frequently used as a carbon source. As a replacement, Kraft lignin, a byproduct of the pulp and paper industry, is a promising carbon source. Biomass-based feedstocks with improved characteristics can be obtained by hydrothermal carbonization, but the chem. nature of this process is not fully understood yet. Moreover, adding a eutectic salt mixture (LiCl/KCl) to the pyrolysis of kraft lignin and HTC lignin can improve the graphitization at lower temperatures In this study, thermal anal. with online mass spectrometric detection of evolved gas mixture was applied to explore the influence of the eutectic salt mixture on the char conversion process. Aside from classical pyrolysis gas chromatog. mass spectrometry, thermogravimetry coupled with soft photoionization mass spectrometry allowed to identify phenol, hydrogen sulfide, di-Me sulfide, and various larger lignin fragments. These larger dimeric/trimeric methoxyphenol derivatives were successfully validated by means of high-resolution mass spectrometry equipped with soft atm. pressure chem. ionization. The investigations indicated the catalytic influence of the salt mixture on the production process of the biochars, achieving partially graphitization already at relatively low temperatures On the morphol., Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy revealed the evolution of the carbon structures and revealed that the materials have typical features for amorphous carbon. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Lithium chloride (cas: 7447-41-8Application of 7447-41-8).

Lithium chloride (cas: 7447-41-8) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides are compounds containing a carbon-chlorine bond, which are widely used in the oil field as a wax dissolver. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.Application of 7447-41-8

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Effect of chronic lithium on mechanical sensitivity and trabecular bone loss induced by type-1 diabetes mellitus in mice was written by Graniel-Amador, Mayra Alejandra;Torres-Rodriguez, Hector Fabian;Martinez-Mendoza, Ruth Elena;Vargas-Munoz, Virginia Margarita;Acosta-Gonzalez, Rosa Issel;Castaneda-Corral, Gabriela;Munoz-Islas, Enriqueta;Jimenez-Andrade, Juan Miguel. And the article was included in BioMetals in 2022.Product Details of 7447-41-8 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic condition characterized by long-term hyperglycemia that results in several complications such as painful peripheral neuropathy, bone deterioration, and increased risk of bone fractures. Lithium, a first-line therapy for bipolar disorder, has become an attractive agent for attenuating peripheral neuropathy and menopause-induced bone loss. Therefore, our aim was to determine the effect of chronic lithium treatment on mech. hypersensitivity and trabecular bone loss induced by T1DM in mice. T1DM was induced in male C57BL/6J mice by i.p. injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg/day, for 5 consecutive days). 12 wk after T1DM-induction, mice received a daily i.p. injection of vehicle, 30 or 60 mg/kg lithium (as LiCl) for 6 wk. Throughout the treatment period, blood glucose levels and mech. sensitivity were evaluated every 2 wk. After lithium treatment, the femur and L5 vertebra were harvested for microcomputed tomog. (microCT) anal. T1DM mice showed significant hyperglycemia, mech. hypersensitivity, and significant trabecular bone loss as compared with the control group. Chronic lithium treatment did not revert the hindpaw mech. hypersensitivity nor hyperglycemia associated to T1DM induced by STZ. In contrast, microCT anal. revealed that lithium reverted, in a dose-dependent manner, the loss of trabecular bone associated to T1DM induced by STZ at both the distal femur and L5 vertebra. Lithium treatment by itself did not affect any trabecular bone parameter in non-diabetic mice. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Lithium chloride (cas: 7447-41-8Product Details of 7447-41-8).

Lithium chloride (cas: 7447-41-8) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides are compounds containing a carbon-chlorine bond, which are widely used in the oil field as a wax dissolver. While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available. Alkyl chlorides readily undergo attack by nucleophiles.Product Details of 7447-41-8

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Quantitative structure-activity relationship models for predicting singlet oxygen reaction rate constants of dissociating organic compounds was written by Li, Tiantian;Huang, Yu;Wei, Gaoliang;Zhang, Ya-nan;Zhao, Yuanhui;Crittenden, John C.;Li, Chao. And the article was included in Science of the Total Environment in 2020.Computed Properties of C6H5ClO2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

As singlet oxygen (¹O₂) is ubiquitous in the environment, ¹O₂-involved oxidation may play an important role in the transformation and fate of organic pollutants. Accordingly, the reaction rate constants (k_1O2) of organic compounds with ¹O₂ are important to determine the environmental fate and persistence assessment of organic pollutants. However, currently there are limited k_1O2 data available, especially for organic chems. with different charged (deprotonated/protonated) forms. Herein three quant. structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models (one comprehensive model and two models for neutral and deprotonated mols.) were created for predicting aqueous k_1O2 values for diversely dissociating mols. The models include larger datasets (180 chems.) and have wider applicability domain than previous ones. Mol. structural characteristics (only half-wave potential is present in both models) determining the ¹O₂ reaction rate of neutral and deprotonated mols. vary greatly. The comparison results of predicting k_1O2 values of organic compounds at certain pH conditions show that the combination of the QSAR models for neutral and deprotonated mols. has advantages over the comprehensive QSAR model. This work is the first study to predict k_1O2 for a wide variety of neutral and deprotonated mols. and provides an important tool for assessing the fate of organic pollutants in aquatic environments. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5Computed Properties of C6H5ClO2).

4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations. The haloform reaction, using chlorine and sodium hydroxide, is also able to generate alkyl halides from methyl ketones, and related compounds. Chloroform was formerly produced thus.Computed Properties of C6H5ClO2

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics