Month: November 2022

Gellan gum gel tissue phantoms and gel dosimeters with tunable electrical, mechanical and dosimetric properties was written by Brzozowski, Pawel;Penev, Kalin I.;Mequanint, Kibret. And the article was included in International Journal of Biological Macromolecules in 2021.SDS of cas: 75-57-0 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Gellan gum gels have been proposed as tissue- and water-mimicking materials (phantoms) applied in medical imaging and radiotherapy dosimetry. Phantoms often require ionic additives to induce desirable elec. conductivity, resistance to biol. spoilage, and radical scavenging properties. However, gellan gum is strongly crosslinked by the typically used sodium salts, forming difficult-to-work with gels with reduced optical clarity. Herein we investigated lithium and tetramethylammonium chloride to induce the required elec. conductivity while maintaining optical clarity; lithium formate and methylparaben were used as a radical scavenger and antimicrobial additive, resp. Using a multifactorial design of experiments, we studied and modeled the elec. and mech. properties and liquid expulsion (syneresis) properties of the gels. Finally, by the addition of a radiation-sensitive tetrazolium salt, dosimeters with favorable properties were produced. The results described herein may be used to prepare tissue phantoms and dosimeters with tuned elec., mech., and dosimetric properties. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Tetramethylammonium chloride (cas: 75-57-0SDS of cas: 75-57-0).

Tetramethylammonium chloride (cas: 75-57-0) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations. Organochlorine compounds are lipophylic, meaning they are more soluble in fat than in water. This gives them a high tenancy to accumulate in the food chain (biomagnification).SDS of cas: 75-57-0

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Green synthesis of coumarin derivatives using Bronsted acidic pyridinium based ionic liquid [MBSPy][HSO₄] to control an opportunistic human and a devastating plant pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina was written by Uroos, Maliha;Javaid, Arshad;Bashir, Amina;Tariq, Javaria;Khan, Iqra Haider;Naz, Sadia;Fatima, Sameeta;Sultan, Misbah. And the article was included in RSC Advances in 2022.Name: Ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

An eco-friendly simple protocol has been devised for the preparation of coumarin derivatives using doubly Bronsted acidic task specific ionic liquid (TSIL) as a catalyst. Solvent-free conditions were employed for the reaction of different substituted phenols with β-ketoester in TSIL to produce corresponding substituted coumarin derivatives in good to excellent yields at ambient conditions; at room temperature and with reduced reaction times. The ionic liquid catalyst can be recycled and reused up to five times. All the synthesized coumarins were evaluated for their antifungal activities against Macrophomina phaseolina, a plant as well as an opportunistic human pathogenic fungus affecting more than 500 plant species worldwide and with no registered com. fungicide available against it, to date. Amongst all the coumarins tested, compounds 3f and 3i showed excellent antifungal activity comparable to reference fungicide mancozeb. The current methodol. provides an easy and expedient way to access the coumarin core in search of potential fungicides for sustainable agriculture. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (cas: 638-07-3Name: Ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate).

Ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (cas: 638-07-3) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations. The haloform reaction, using chlorine and sodium hydroxide, is also able to generate alkyl halides from methyl ketones, and related compounds. Chloroform was formerly produced thus.Name: Ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Optogenetic control of kinetochore function was written by Zhang, Huaiying;Aonbangkhen, Chanat;Tarasovetc, Ekaterina V.;Ballister, Edward R.;Chenoweth, David M.;Lampson, Michael A.. And the article was included in Nature Chemical Biology in 2017.SDS of cas: 6294-17-3 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Kinetochores act as hubs for multiple activities during cell division, including microtubule interactions and spindle checkpoint signaling. Each kinetochore can act autonomously, and activities change rapidly as proteins are recruited to, or removed from, kinetochores. Understanding this dynamic system requires tools that can manipulate kinetochores on biol. relevant temporal and spatial scales. Optogenetic approaches have the potential to provide temporal and spatial control with mol. specificity. Here we report new chem. inducers of protein dimerization that allow us to both recruit proteins to and release them from kinetochores using light. We use these dimerizers to manipulate checkpoint signaling and mol. motor activity. Our findings demonstrate specialized properties of the CENP-E (kinesin-7) motor for directional chromosome transport to the spindle equator and for maintenance of metaphase alignment. This work establishes a foundation for optogenetic control of kinetochore function, which is broadly applicable to exptl. probing of other dynamic cellular processes. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 1-Bromo-6-chlorohexane (cas: 6294-17-3SDS of cas: 6294-17-3).

1-Bromo-6-chlorohexane (cas: 6294-17-3) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations.While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available. Alkyl chlorides readily undergo attack by nucleophiles.SDS of cas: 6294-17-3

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Taste sensor based on the floating gate structure of a lateral double-diffused metal-oxide semiconductor was written by Jeong, Hyun-Min;Kwon, Hyurk-Choon;Xu, Binrui;Jung, Daewoong;Han, Maeum;Kwon, Dae-Hyuk;Kang, Shin-Won. And the article was included in Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical in 2020.Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks The following contents are mentioned in the article:

This study reports the evaluation of taste sensor applications using a lateral double-diffused metal-oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) with floating gate structures. This is the first study to use a LDMOS device, coated with a lipid membrane, to detect multiple tastes. The proposed device is manufactured based on a standard complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) logic process and has a floating-gate structure for targeting sensor applications. Lipid membranes of Methyltrioctylammonium chloride (TOMA), Oleylamine (OAm), Decyl alc. (DA), Oleic acid (OA), and Dioctyl phosphate (DOP), with different reactivities, were used to observe the drain current changes at various concentrations (1 fM-1 mM) of the five taste substances: sourness, bitterness, sweetness, saltiness, and umami. The exptl. results show that the sensor can operate over a wide and dynamic range (1 fM-1 mM), exhibits a very low-detection limit of 1 fM, and can classify five substances with different tastes. Thus, this study demonstrates that the proposed device is suitable for application as a taste sensor. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 5137-55-3Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks).

N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 5137-55-3) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthesis of semicrystalline poly(guanamine)s based on 2-substituted-4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine with α, ω-alkylene diamines, and the formation of cyclic tetramers was written by Shibasaki, Yuji;Kotaki, Tomohiro;Bito, Takahiro;Sasahara, Rina;Idutsu, Natsuko;Fujimori, Atsuhiro;Miura, Shuntaro;Shidara, Yusaku;Nishimura, Naoya;Oishi, Yoshiyuki. And the article was included in Polymer in 2018.Name: 4,6-Dichloro-N-phenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Polycondensation of various 2-substituted-4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine such as N,N-diphenylamino (DCPT), benzylamino (BnDCT) substituents with α, ω – alkylene diamines including hexamethylene (HMDA), octamethylene (OcDA), decamethylene (DcDA), and dodecamethylene diamine (DdDA) was performed, and the resultant polymers were analyzed. Two-phase polymerization in nitrobenzene/aqueous NaHCO₃ at 100 °C resulted in a high mol. weight (MW) polymer (M_n = 12,400) with a small fraction (26.7 wt%) of low MW oligomer, whose main component was confirmed as a 4-membered cyclic compound Polymers prepared with HMDA were crystalline with poor solubility, whereas those with OcDA, DcDA, and DdDA were all amorphous with high MWs (M_n = 40,000-60,000) and good solubility enough to prepare the self-standing transparent films. The polymers show moderate glass transition temperatures from 76 °C to 159 °C. In differential scanning calorimetry measurements, only poly(BnDCT-HMDA) showed a clear endothermic peak (ΔH = 119 J/g), which corresponds to melting at 220 °C. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,6-Dichloro-N-phenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (cas: 2272-40-4Name: 4,6-Dichloro-N-phenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine).

4,6-Dichloro-N-phenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (cas: 2272-40-4) belongs to organic chlorides. Chlorinated organic compounds are found in nearly every class of biomolecules and natural products including alkaloids, terpenes, amino acids, flavonoids, steroids, and fatty acids. Alkyl chlorides readily react with amines to give substituted amines. Alkyl chlorides are substituted by softer halides such as the iodide in the Finkelstein reaction.Name: 4,6-Dichloro-N-phenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

A mechanochromic donor-acceptor torsional spring was written by Raisch, Maximilian;Maftuhin, Wafa;Walter, Michael;Sommer, Michael. And the article was included in Nature Communications in 2021.Safety of N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Mechanochromic polymers are intriguing materials that allow to sense force of specimens under load. Most mechanochromic systems rely on covalent bond scission and hence are two-state systems with optically distinct ”on” and ”off” states where correlating force with wavelength is usually not possible. Translating force of different magnitude with gradually different wavelength of absorption or emission would open up new possibilities to map and understand force distributions in polymeric materials. Here, we present a mechanochromic donor-acceptor (DA) torsional spring that undergoes force-induced planarization during uniaxial elongation leading to red-shifted absorption and emission spectra. The DA spring is based on ortho-substituted diketopyrrolopyrrole (o-DPP). Covalent incorporation of o-DPP into a rigid yet ductile polyphenylene matrix allows to transduce sufficiently large stress to the DA spring. The mech. induced deflection from equilibrium geometry of the DA spring is theor. predicted, in agreement with experiments, and is fully reversible upon stress release. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 5137-55-3Safety of N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride).

N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 5137-55-3) belongs to organic chlorides. An organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications. Alkyl chlorides are versatile building blocks in organic chemistry. While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available.Safety of N-Methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-aminium chloride

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Catalytic oxidation of 4-chlorophenol on in-situ sulfur-doped activated carbon with sulfate radicals was written by Guo, Yaoping;Zeng, Zequan;Li, Yulin;Huang, Zhanggen;Yang, Jieyang. And the article was included in Separation and Purification Technology in 2017.Formula: C6H5ClO2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

In-situ S-doped activated C (ACS) was prepared and used as a heterogeneous catalyst to activate persulfate (PS) for 4-chlorophenol (4CP) oxidation The effects of several operation parameters, including PS concentration, initial pH, ACS dosage, and reaction temperature, on 4CP degradation were investigated in detail via batch experiments Results show that ACS exhibited excellent catalytic activity for PS activation and a complete 4CP degradation as well as 65.3% COD removal can be achieved in 170 min at 25° with ACS dosage of 0.1 g/L, PS/4CP molar ratio of 24/1 and initial pH of 4.4. The biodegradability was greatly improved after a 170 min reaction. Quenching tests reveal that SO₄^-· was the dominant active species taking part in the degradation of 4CP. Based on the stability tests and the corresponding characterizations of ACS before and after use, it was speculated that the loss of the sp. surface area and the change of the surface chem. led to the significant deactivation of ACS. Meanwhile, a possible mechanism of PS activation on ACS was proposed. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5Formula: C6H5ClO2).

4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations. The haloform reaction, using chlorine and sodium hydroxide, is also able to generate alkyl halides from methyl ketones, and related compounds. Chloroform was formerly produced thus.Formula: C6H5ClO2

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Structural transformation of lignin from eucalyptus during chlorine dioxide bleaching was written by Qin, Chengrong;Huang, Lingzhi;Lv, Quanfeng;Nie, Shuangxi;Yao, Shuangquan. And the article was included in BioResources in 2019.Product Details of 95-88-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Enzymic/mild acidolysis lignin was extracted from both unbleached and bleached eucalyptus pulp, and the difference in lignin structures was analyzed by NMR spectroscopy. The unbleached pulp lignin was chlorinated with chlorine dioxide, and the mechanism of adsorbable organic halide (AOX) formation was investigated. Chlorinated reaction products were detected by gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry. There is a possibility of producing three different chlorobenzene or chlorophenol products from S/S lignin dimers that are connected with β-O-4 bonds. Based on quantum chem. theory, three reaction pathways were investigated using mol. simulation techniques. The results showed that pathway 1 possessed the lowest reaction activation energy, which made it the most favored thermodynamically. The β-O-4 bond of the lignin dimer was cleaved. Following that scission, 2-chloro-3,5-dimethoxy-Me benzene was the most likely product to be generated from the chlorination reaction of the syringyl unit. These results provide theor. guidance for further reduction of AOX in chlorine dioxide bleaching. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5Product Details of 95-88-5).

4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines stimulate the central nervous system and cause convulsions, tremor, nausea, and mental confusion. Examples are dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, lindane, endosulfan, and dieldrin. Alkyl chlorides readily react with amines to give substituted amines. Alkyl chlorides are substituted by softer halides such as the iodide in the Finkelstein reaction.Product Details of 95-88-5

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Ambient photothermal catalytic CO oxidation over a carbon-supported palladium catalyst was written by Liu, Ziwen;Niu, Lijuan;Zong, Xupeng;An, Li;Qu, Dan;Wang, Xiayan;Sun, Zaicheng. And the article was included in Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental in 2022.Formula: Cl4Na2Pd The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The XC-72R supported Pd catalysts exhibit low-temperature catalytic activity for CO oxidation under light irradiation The CO conversion can reach 100% with the light irradiation of 900 mW·cm^-2 at a catalyst temperature of 100°C. Pd/C catalysts with different Pd loading have similar performance enhancement under light irradiation The activation energy of 1% Pd/C catalyst remains unchanged implying that CO oxidation belongs to photothermal catalytic oxidation The enhanced performance could be ascribed to ultrahigh surface temperature (275°C) induced by the light irradiation of 800 mW·cm^-2 and detected by an IR camera. That is higher than the catalyst temperature (187°C) measured by the thermocouple. Carbon generates a higher temperature than Pd NP, causing heat transfers from carbon to Pd NP. In contrast, Pd NP produces a higher temperature than Al₂O₃ for Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst, and heat is transferred from Pd to Al2O3. These demonstrate that the enhanced performance contributes to the photothermal effect of carbon. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Sodium tetrachloropalladate(II) (cas: 13820-53-6Formula: Cl4Na2Pd).

Sodium tetrachloropalladate(II) (cas: 13820-53-6) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.Formula: Cl4Na2Pd

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Biodegradable Surface Active D-Glucose Based Quaternary Ammonium Ionic Liquids in the Solventless Synthesis of Chloroprene was written by Erfurt, Karol;Markiewicz, Marta;Siewniak, Agnieszka;Lisicki, Dawid;Zalewski, Mariusz;Stolte, Stefan;Chrobok, Anna. And the article was included in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering in 2020.Synthetic Route of C25H46ClN The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Five ionic liquids based on a quaternary ammonium core substituted with a D-glucose moiety and alkyl chains of varying length were synthesized as prospective phase-transfer catalysts. The catalytic activity of the obtained ionic liquids was tested in the dehydrochlorination of 3,4-dichloro-1-butene to chloroprene. The reaction proceeded in a two-phase system in the presence of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The results showed that the longer the alkyl chain in the cation, the higher the activity of the ionic liquid as a phase-transfer catalyst. The tested ionic liquids gave an easily recyclable system compared to classical phase-transfer catalysts that were soluble in the reaction system, with no leaching observed over five cycles (chloroprene yield >99%). The cytotoxicity and biodegradability of a series of synthesized ionic liquids based on D-glucose were determined so that a preliminary hazard assessment could be undertaken. Solvent-free synthesis of chloroprene in the presence of biodegradable surface-active D-glucose-based quaternary ammonium ionic liquids This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9Synthetic Route of C25H46ClN).

N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (cas: 122-18-9) belongs to organic chlorides. Chlorinated organic compounds are found in nearly every class of biomolecules and natural products including alkaloids, terpenes, amino acids, flavonoids, steroids, and fatty acids. Aryl chlorides may be prepared by the Friedel-Crafts halogenation, using chlorine and a Lewis acid catalyst.Synthetic Route of C25H46ClN

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics