Month: December 2021

Today I’d like to introduce a new chemical compound, CAS is 1159408-72-6, Name is (2S,4R)-2-[[Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethoxy]methyl]-4-hydroxy-λ-oxo-N-[2-[3-oxo-3-[[3-[[1-oxo-5-[[3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-β-D-galactopyranosyl]oxy]pentyl]amino]propyl]amino]propoxy]-1,1-bis[[3-oxo-3-[[3-[[1-oxo-5-[[3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-β-D-galactopyranosyl]oxy]pentyl]amino]propyl]amino]propoxy]methyl]ethyl]-1-pyrrolidinedodecanamide, Formula is C117H175N11O42, Molecular Weight is 2407.69g/mol. Because of its complex structure and huge molecular weight, this compound is rarely understood. Now let me introduce some knowledge about its synthesis.. Product Details of 1159408-72-6

The general reactant of this compound is 5-Hexen-1-ol, 5H-Pyrano[3,2-d]oxazole-6,7-diol, 5-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-3a,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-2-methyl-, 6,7-diacetate, (3aR,5R,6R,7R,7aR)-, Reagents is Trimethylsilyl triflate, Sodium bicarbonate, Catalyst(), Solvent is Dichloromethane,Water, Products β-D-Galactopyranoside, 5-hexen-1-yl 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-, 3,4,6-triacetate, Yield: 82%, Synthetic Methods procedure :1. Stir the reactant ( 642.7 g, 1.95 mol ) in anhydrous 1, 2-dichloroethane ( 4500 mL ) with 4 Å molecular sieves ( 650 g ) for 5 minutes at room temperature., 2. Add 5-Hexen-1-ol ( 215 g, 2.15 mol ) and continue stirring for 30 minutes., 3. Add TMS-triflate ( 180.7 mL, 0.98 mol ) dropwise under constant stirring over 10 minutes and continue stirring for 2 hours at room temperature., 4. Quench the reaction mixture with cold saturated NaHCO3 solution ( 2 L ) and separate the organic layer., 5. Extract the product into dichloromethane ( DCM, 4L ) ; wash the combined organic layers with water, dry over anhydrous Na2SO4 and evaporate to dryness under reduced pressure., 6. Triturate the obtained crude product with hexane ( 6 L ) ; filter the solid and dry under reduced pressure., , Transfornation (Alkylation or Silylation of Alcohol with Inorganic/ Organic Esters. Characterization Data include ‘s Proton NMR Spectrum : ( 400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) : δ 7.80 ( d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H, NHCOCH3 ) , 5.83-5.72 ( m, 1H, -CH=CH2 ) ; 5.20 ( d, J = 3.4 Hz, 1H, H4 ) ; 5.02-4.91 ( m, 3H, -CH=CH2, H3 ) , 4.47 ( d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H, H1 ) , 4.06-3.97 ( m, 3H, H5, H6, H6′ ) ; 3.86 ( dt, J = 8.8, 11.1 Hz, 1H, H2 ) ; 3.70 ( dt, J = 6.0, 9.9 Hz, 1H, -OCH2-CH2 ) ; 3.41 ( dt, J = 6.4, 9.9 Hz, 1H, -OCH2-CH2 ) ; 2.09 ( s, 3H, -COCH3 ) ; 2.03-1.96 ( m, 2H, -CH2- ) ; 1.99 ( s, 3H, -COCH3 ) ; 1.88 ( s, 3H, -COCH3 ) ; 1.75 ( s, 3H, -COCH3 ) ; 1.51-1.42 ( m, 2H, -CH2- ) ; 1.39-1.30 ( m, 2H, -CH2- ) ., Carbon-13 NMR : ( 101 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) : δ 170.0, 169.9, 169.6, 169.1, 138.7, 114.7, 101.0, 70.4, 69.8, 68.6, 66.7, 61.5, 49.3, 39.9 32.8, 28.4, 24.5, 22.8, 20.5, 20.5., HRMS: calc. for C20H31NO9: 429.1999; found 429.1997., State is pale brown solid

I’m so glad you had the patience to read the whole article, if you want know more about 1159408-72-6, you can browse my other blog.. Product Details of 1159408-72-6

Reference:
CAS Method Number 3-355-CAS-9994399,
,CAS Method Number 3-010-CAS-8275923

Application In Synthesis of 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. I found the field of Chemistry very interesting. Saw the article Highly Efficient Synthesis of Hindered 3-Azoindoles via Metal-Free C-H Functionalization of Indoles published in 2020, Reprint Addresses Wencel-Delord, J (corresponding author), Univ Haute Alsace, Lab Innovat Mol & Applicat, ECPM, CNRS,UMR 7042,Univ Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France.. The CAS is 87-63-8. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline.

Although 3-azoindoles have recently emerged as an appealing family of photoswitch molecules, the synthesis of such compounds has been poorly covered in the literature. Herein a high-yielding and operationally simple protocol is reported allowing the synthesis of 3-azoindoles, featuring important steric hindrance around the azo motif. Remarkably, this C-H coupling is characterized by excellent atom economy and occurs under metal-free conditions, at room temperature, and within few minutes, delivering the expected products in excellent yields (quantitatively in most of the cases). Accordingly, a library of new molecules, with potential applications as photochromic compounds, is prepared.

Application In Synthesis of 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H8ClN, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Reference:
Patent; ASTRAZENECA AB; NPS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.; WO2006/20879; (2006); A1;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

An article KinFragLib: Exploring the Kinase Inhibitor Space Using Subpocket-Focused Fragmentation and Recombination WOS:000608875100049 published article about MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY; PROTEIN-KINASES; DRUG DISCOVERY; DESIGN; POWERFUL; DATABASE; MUTANT; KLIFS in [Sydow, Dominique; Schmiel, Paula; Volkamer, Andrea] Charite, Inst Physiol, Silico Toxicol & Struct Bioinformat, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; [Mortier, Jeremie] Bayer AG, Digital Technol Computat Mol Design, D-13342 Berlin, Germany in 2020, Cited 49. SDS of cas: 87-63-8. The Name is 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 87-63-8

Protein kinases play a crucial role in many cell signaling processes, making them one of the most important families of drug targets. In this context, fragment-based drug design strategies have been successfully applied to develop novel kinase inhibitors. These strategies usually follow a knowledge-driven approach to optimize a focused set of fragments to a potent kinase inhibitor. Alternatively, KinFragLib explores and extends the chemical space of kinase inhibitors using data-driven fragmentation and recombination. The method builds on available structural kinome data from the KLIFS database for over 2500 kinase DFG-in structures cocrystallized with noncovalent kinase ligands. The computational fragmentation method splits the ligands into fragments with respect to their 3D proximity to six predefined functionally relevant subpocket centers. The resulting fragment library consists of six subpocket pools with over 7000 fragments, available at https://github.com/volkamerlab/KinFragLib. KinFragLib offers two main applications: on the one hand, in-depth analyses of the chemical space of known kinase inhibitors, subpocket characteristics, and connections, and on the other hand, subpocket-informed recombination of fragments to generate potential novel inhibitors. The latter showed that recombining only a subset of 624 representative fragments generated 6.7 million molecules. This combinatorial library contains, besides some known kinase inhibitors, more than 99% novel chemical matter compared to ChEMBL and 63% molecules compliant with Lipinski’s rule of five.

SDS of cas: 87-63-8. Welcome to talk about 87-63-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Sydow, D; Schmiel, P; Mortier, J; Volkamer, A or send Email.

Reference:
Patent; ASTRAZENECA AB; NPS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.; WO2006/20879; (2006); A1;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

COA of Formula: C7H7Cl. In 2019.0 CHEMOSPHERE published article about BIOSURFACTANT-PRODUCING BACTERIA; SP-NOV.; DEGRADATION; PYRENE; MECHANISMS; POLLUTANTS; TOXICITY in [Smulek, Wojciech; Jesionowski, Teofil; Kaczorek, Ewa] Poznan Univ Tech, Fac Chem Technol, Inst Chem Technol & Engn, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; [Cybulski, Zefiryn] Greater Poland Canc Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Garbary 15, PL-61866 Poznan, Poland; [Guzik, Urszula] Univ Silesia Katowice, Fac Biol & Environm Protect, Dept Biochem, Jagiellonska 28, PL-40032 Katowice, Poland in 2019.0, Cited 51.0. The Name is 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 95-49-8.

Pollution of the environment with chlorinated aromatic compounds is a problem of increasing importance, which has stimulated the search for efficient methods for the remediation of contaminated soil and water. Additionally, for better understanding of the significance of bioavailability to biodegradation, investigation of the cell surface properties is necessary. Hence, this study concerns the properties and possible application, in chlorotoluene removal, of three newly isolated environmental bacterial strains from the genera Pseudomonas, Raoultella and Rahnella. The results show the differences in the biochemical profiles of the isolated strains, their cellular fatty acid composition and their hemolytic properties. However, all three strains exhibit high biodegradation potential, degrading not less than 60% of each monochlorotoluene isomer in 21-day experiments. What is more, observations of changes in the cell surface properties indicate the possible adaptation mechanisms of the strains that enable efficient biodegradation of hydrophobic pollutants such as monochlorotoluenes. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Welcome to talk about 95-49-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Smulek, W; Cybulski, Z; Guzik, U; Jesionowski, T; Kaczorek, E or send Email.. COA of Formula: C7H7Cl

Reference:
Patent; Nanjing Zhongteng Chemical Co., Ltd.; Zhong Hua; Lu Minshan; Chen Xiuzhen; Liu Qiaobao; Yin Hengbo; Wang Aili; (8 pag.)CN104876790; (2017); B;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

SDS of cas: 95-49-8. In 2020.0 ANGEW CHEM INT EDIT published article about REDUCTIVE ELIMINATION; CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; ARYL HALIDES; DESIGN; POSITION; ACETONE; BONDS in [Yuen, On Ying; So, Chau Ming] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Appl Biol & Chem Technol, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, Peoples R China; [Yuen, On Ying; So, Chau Ming] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, State Key Lab Chem Biol & Drug Discovery, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China; [So, Chau Ming] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Shenzhen Res Inst, Shenzhen, Peoples R China in 2020.0, Cited 45.0. The Name is 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 95-49-8.

This study describes the first palladium-catalyzed, site-selective alpha- and gamma-arylation of alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones with (hetero)aryl halides. A wide range of hetero(aryl)halides coupled with alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones, and transformation into the arylated products proceeded with excellent to good yields. The site selectivity of the reaction is switchable by simply changing the phosphine ligand to access either alpha-arylated or gamma-arylated products in good to excellent yields by using a low catalyst loading, and the method demonstrates good functional-group compatibility.

SDS of cas: 95-49-8. Welcome to talk about 95-49-8, If you have any questions, you can contact Yuen, OY; So, CM or send Email.

Reference:
Patent; Nanjing Zhongteng Chemical Co., Ltd.; Zhong Hua; Lu Minshan; Chen Xiuzhen; Liu Qiaobao; Yin Hengbo; Wang Aili; (8 pag.)CN104876790; (2017); B;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

I found the field of Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Computer Science very interesting. Saw the article KinFragLib: Exploring the Kinase Inhibitor Space Using Subpocket-Focused Fragmentation and Recombination published in 2020. COA of Formula: C7H8ClN, Reprint Addresses Volkamer, A (corresponding author), Charite, Inst Physiol, Silico Toxicol & Struct Bioinformat, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.. The CAS is 87-63-8. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline

Protein kinases play a crucial role in many cell signaling processes, making them one of the most important families of drug targets. In this context, fragment-based drug design strategies have been successfully applied to develop novel kinase inhibitors. These strategies usually follow a knowledge-driven approach to optimize a focused set of fragments to a potent kinase inhibitor. Alternatively, KinFragLib explores and extends the chemical space of kinase inhibitors using data-driven fragmentation and recombination. The method builds on available structural kinome data from the KLIFS database for over 2500 kinase DFG-in structures cocrystallized with noncovalent kinase ligands. The computational fragmentation method splits the ligands into fragments with respect to their 3D proximity to six predefined functionally relevant subpocket centers. The resulting fragment library consists of six subpocket pools with over 7000 fragments, available at https://github.com/volkamerlab/KinFragLib. KinFragLib offers two main applications: on the one hand, in-depth analyses of the chemical space of known kinase inhibitors, subpocket characteristics, and connections, and on the other hand, subpocket-informed recombination of fragments to generate potential novel inhibitors. The latter showed that recombining only a subset of 624 representative fragments generated 6.7 million molecules. This combinatorial library contains, besides some known kinase inhibitors, more than 99% novel chemical matter compared to ChEMBL and 63% molecules compliant with Lipinski’s rule of five.

COA of Formula: C7H8ClN. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H8ClN, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Reference:
Patent; ASTRAZENECA AB; NPS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.; WO2006/20879; (2006); A1;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks. Authors Khalil, A; Jaradat, N; Hawash, M; Issa, L in SPRINGER HEIDELBERG published article about in [Khalil, Amjad] King Fahad Univ Petr & Minerals, Dept Life Sci, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; [Jaradat, Nidal; Hawash, Mohammed; Issa, Linda] An Najah Natl Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Pharm, POB 7, Nablus 00970, Palestine in 2021, Cited 30. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0

The 1,3-benzodioxol moiety present in safrole, apiole, and myristicin essential oils and benzodioxol derivatives have shown a wide range of biological activities including antiepileptic, analgesic, antituberculosis, and antimicrobial potentials. Here, we have tested the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of a series of benzodioxol derivatives. Twelve compounds of aryl acetate and acetic acid benzodioxol were evaluated against different types of bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the broth dilution method, and the most potent compound was 3e, which exhibited the bacterial growth of with MICs of 125 (S. aureus), 250 (E. coli), 220 (E. faecalis), and 100 mu g/mL (P. aeruginosa). Our positive control, cinoxacin, had MICs of 250 (S. aureus), 250 (E. coli), 250 (E. faecalis), and 500 mu g/mL (P. aeruginosa). Antioxidant activity was evaluated for the synthesized compounds utilizing the DPPH assay. The 3a compound was the most active with an IC50 value of 21.44 mu g/mL, while the IC50 values of compounds 3b, 3e, and 3f were 96.07, 58.45, and 72.17 mu g/mL, respectively. In contrast, all compounds with the acetic acid functional group had weaker activity, with an IC50 range of 193.52-289.78 mu g/mL compared with the potent antioxidant agent Trolox (IC50 = 1.93 mu g/mL). In the present paper, new benzodioxol-based aryl acetate and acetic acid derivatives were evaluated for their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The outcomes revealed that the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of some of the synthesized benzodioxol aryl acetate and acetic acid derivatives can be considered as valuable materials for the pharmaceutical industry. Thus, these molecules should be further evaluated in vivo as lead compounds for the discovery of new drug candidates.

Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks. Welcome to talk about 50-84-0, If you have any questions, you can contact Khalil, A; Jaradat, N; Hawash, M; Issa, L or send Email.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

An article An influenza A hemagglutinin small-molecule fusion inhibitor identified by a new high-throughput fluorescence polarization screen WOS:000573684400016 published article about VIRUS HEMAGGLUTININ; ENTRY INHIBITORS; DRUG-RESISTANCE; ARBIDOL; PH; EPIDEMIOLOGY; OSELTAMIVIR; DESIGN in [Yao, Yao; Woehl, Jordan L.; Kitamura, Seiya; Wolan, Dennis W.] Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA; [Kadam, Rameshwar U.; Lee, Chang-Chun David; Wu, Nicholas C.; Zhu, Xueyong; Wilson, Ian A.; Wolan, Dennis W.] Scripps Res Inst, Dept Integrat Struct & Computat Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA; [Wilson, Ian A.] Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA in 2020, Cited 45. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0. Recommanded Product: 50-84-0

Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein is the primary surface antigen targeted by the host immune response and a focus for development of novel vaccines, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), and therapeutics. HA enables viral entry into host cells via receptor binding and membrane fusion and is a validated target for drug discovery. However, to date, only a very few bona fide small molecules have been reported against the HA. To identity new antiviral lead candidates against the highly conserved fusion machinery in the HA stem, we synthesized a fluorescence-polarization probe based on a recently described neutralizing cyclic peptide P7 derived from the complementarity-determining region loops of human bnAbs FI6v3 and CR9114 against the HA stem. We then designed a robust binding assay compatible with high-throughput screening to identify molecules with low micromolar to nanomolar affinity to influenza A group 1 HAs. Our simple, low-cost, and efficient in vitro assay was used to screen H1/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1/PR8) HA trimer against similar to 72,000 compounds. The crystal structure of H1/PR8 HA in complex with our best hit compound F0045(S) confirmed that it binds to pockets in the HA stem similar to bnAbs FI6v3 and CR9114, cyclic peptide P7, and small-molecule inhibitor JNJ4796. F0045 is enantioselective against a panel of group 1 HAs and F0045(S) exhibits in vitro neutralization activity against multiple H1N1 and H5N1 strains. Our assay, compound characterization, and small-molecule candidate should further stimulate the discovery and development of new compounds with unique chemical scaffolds and enhanced influenza antiviral capabilities.

Recommanded Product: 50-84-0. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H4Cl2O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Authors Ray, R; Hartwig, JF in WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH published article about in [Ray, Ritwika; Hartwig, John F.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA in 2021.0, Cited 67.0. Recommanded Product: 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. The Name is 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 95-49-8

Here, we report a class of ligands based on oxalohydrazide cores and N-amino pyrrole and N-amino indole units that generates long-lived copper catalysts for couplings that form the C-O bonds in biaryl ethers. These Cu-catalyzed coupling of phenols with aryl bromides occurred with turnovers up to 8000, a value which is nearly two orders of magnitude higher than those of prior couplings to form biaryl ethers and nearly an order of magnitude higher than those of any prior copper-catalyzed coupling of aryl bromides and chlorides. This ligand also led to copper systems that catalyze the coupling of aryl chlorides with phenols and the coupling of aryl bromides and iodides with primary benzylic and aliphatic alcohols. A wide variety of functional groups including nitriles, halides, ethers, ketones, amines, esters, amides, vinylarenes, alcohols and boronic acid esters were tolerated, and reactions occurred with aryl bromides in pharmaceutically related structures.

Recommanded Product: 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C7H7Cl, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Reference:
Patent; Nanjing Zhongteng Chemical Co., Ltd.; Zhong Hua; Lu Minshan; Chen Xiuzhen; Liu Qiaobao; Yin Hengbo; Wang Aili; (8 pag.)CN104876790; (2017); B;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Authors Wang, ZX; Wu, XF; Li, ZN; Huang, ZD; Chen, F in ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY published article about ASYMMETRIC REDUCTION; CARBONYL REDUCTASE; DERIVATIVES; CONVERSION; ALCOHOLS in [Wang, Zexu; Li, Zhining; Huang, Zedu; Chen, Fener] Fudan Univ, Dept Chem, Engn Ctr Catalysis & Synth Chiral Mol, 220 Handan Rd, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China; [Wang, Zexu; Li, Zhining; Huang, Zedu; Chen, Fener] Shanghai Engn Res Ctr Ind Asymmetr Catalysis Chir, 220 Handan Rd, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China; [Wu, Xiaofan] Fuzhou Univ, Coll Chem Engn, 2 Xueyuan Rd, Fuzhou 350100, Fujian, Peoples R China in 2019, Cited 29. COA of Formula: C7H4Cl2O2. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0

We report here the stereoselective bioreduction of -nitro ketones catalyzed by ketoreductases (KREDs) with publicly known sequences. YGL039w and RasADH/SyADH were able to reduce 23 class I substrates (1-aryl-2-nitro-1-ethanone (1)) and ten class II substrates (1-aryloxy-3-nitro-2-propanone (4)) to furnish both enantiomers of the corresponding -nitro alcohols, with good-to-excellent conversions (up to >99%) and enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee) being achieved in most cases. To the best of our knowledge, KRED-mediated reduction of class II -nitro ketones (1-aryloxy-3-nitro-2-propanone (4)) is unprecedented. Select -nitro alcohols, including the synthetic intermediates of bioactive molecules (R)-tembamide, (S)-tembamide, (S)-moprolol, (S)-toliprolol and (S)-propanolol, were stereoselectively synthesized in preparative scale with 42% to 90% isolated yields, showcasing the practical potential of our developed system in organic synthesis. Finally, the advantage of using KREDs with known sequence was demonstrated by whole-cell catalysis, in which -nitro alcohol (R)-2k, the key synthetic intermediate of hypoglycemic natural product (R)-tembamide, was produced in a space-time yield of 178 g L-1 d(-1) as well as 95% ee by employing the whole cells of a recombinant E. coli strain coexpressing RasADH and glucose dehydrogenase as the biocatalyst.

Welcome to talk about 50-84-0, If you have any questions, you can contact Wang, ZX; Wu, XF; Li, ZN; Huang, ZD; Chen, F or send Email.. COA of Formula: C7H4Cl2O2

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics