Month: October 2021

In 2020 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON published article about ORGANIC IODINE COMPOUNDS; WEIGHT FULVIC-ACIDS; DRINKING-WATER; TRIHALOMETHANES; TOXICITY; MATTER; DBPS; TRANSFORMATION; GENOTOXICITY; FORMULAS in [Tao, Danyang; Tong, Rui; Peng, Yue’e; Guo, Wei; Hu, Shenghong] China Univ Geosci, State Key Lab Biogeol & Environm Geol, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China; [Wang, Rong; Shi, Si; Peng, Yue’e] China Univ Geosci, Fac Mat Sci & Chem, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China; [Yun, Lifen] BGI Genom BGI Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Peoples R China; [Liu, Yanfeng] China Univ Geosci, Sch Environm Studies, Wuhan, Peoples R China in 2020, Cited 48. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0. SDS of cas: 50-84-0

In this paper, a comprehensive method for the identification of the unknown halogenated DBPs (X-DBPs, X = CI, Br, and I) in the tap water of Wuhan, China via liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was developed. 123 X-DBPs were identified through the stepwise procedure, 94 of them were newly identified, and 3 of them were confirmed by standards. Most X-DBPs were aliphatic compounds and highly unsaturated and phenolic compounds, some X-DBPs contained multiple halogen atoms and rich in carboxyl groups, such as C2H2O2BrCl, C2H2O2Br2, and C2H2O2ClI. It was worth noting that the concentration of some X-DBPs had the same trend with time. Most CI-DBPs remained stable and I-DBPs were detected occasionally by monitoring the change of concentration of these X-DPBs with the time during three consecutive months. The results demonstrate that the proposed method could provide valuable molecular formula and structure information on unknown multiple halogenated DBPs, or be used for the identification of other multiple halogenated organic compounds in different media. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

SDS of cas: 50-84-0. About 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Tao, DY; Wang, R; Shi, S; Yun, LF; Tong, R; Peng, YE; Guo, W; Liu, YF; Hu, SH or concate me.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Zhou, JS; Lou, Z; Xu, J; Zhou, XX; Yang, KL; Gao, XY; Zhang, YL; Xu, XH in [Zhou, Jiasheng; Lou, Zimo; Zhou, Xiaoxin; Yang, Kunlun; Xu, Xinhua] Zhejiang Univ, Dept Environm Engn, Coll Environm & Resource Sci, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, Peoples R China; [Xu, Jiang; Gao, Xiaoyu; Zhang, Yilin] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA; [Xu, Jiang; Gao, Xiaoyu; Zhang, Yilin] Ctr Environm Implicat Nanotechnol CEINT, Durham, NC USA published Enhanced electrocatalytic dechlorination by dispersed and moveable activated carbon supported palladium catalyst in 2019, Cited 67. SDS of cas: 50-84-0. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0.

In this study, a novel approach was developed for the dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid (2,4-DCBA) via the combination of the moveable activated carbon (AC) supported palladium (Pd) nanoparticles and nickel (Ni) foam electrode. The morphology and chemical structure of Pd/AC catalyst was investigated by various characterization techniques, including SEM, TEM, EXS-mapping, XRD, and XPS. Pd nanoparticles was successfully loaded and dispersed on the AC, accompanied with the significantly enhanced reactivity. The removal rate of 2,4-DCBA by Ni electrode with moveable Pd/AC catalyst was 222, 25, and 5 folds higher than dispersed AC and Ni electrode system, chemical deposited Pd/Ni electrode, and electrodeposited Pd/Ni electrode, respectively. Compared with the conventional electrocatalytic reductive approach which deposited Pd on the Ni foam electrode, moveable Pd/AC catalyst possesses higher surface area, more atomic H* production and more active sites, favored mass transfer, and enhanced reactivity, without the consideration of catalyst loss and deactivation. The effects of Pd:AC mass ratio, constant current, initial solution pH, and electrolyte concentration on the dechlorination of 2,4-DCBA were studied. Generally, high Pd loading, constant current, and acidity favored the dechlorination of 2,4-DCBA, while excessive electrolyte would inhibit the dechlorination of 2,4-DCBA. Good longevity and recyclability of moveable Pd/AC catalyst was confirmed via consecutive experiments. The findings of the present study show that making the catalyst moveable is a promising strategy for electrocatalytic remediation technology.

About 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Zhou, JS; Lou, Z; Xu, J; Zhou, XX; Yang, KL; Gao, XY; Zhang, YL; Xu, XH or concate me.. SDS of cas: 50-84-0

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

An article Design, synthesis and application of triazole ligands in suzuki miyaura cross coupling reaction of aryl chlorides WOS:000517780500022 published article about PALLADIUM-CATALYZED SUZUKI; STATE; BASE in [Jabeen, Sobia; Khera, Rasheed Ahmad; Iqbal, Javed] Univ Agr Faisalabad, Dept Chem, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; [Iqbal, Javed] Univ Agr Faisalabad, Punjab Bioenergy Inst, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; [Asgher, Muhammad] Univ Agr Faisalabad, Dept Biochem, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan in 2020.0, Cited 33.0. The Name is 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 95-49-8. Formula: C7H7Cl

DFT calculations have been demonstrated to be a valuable tool for the mechanistic study of reaction which is difficult to acquire from pure experimental techniques. Structural, electronic and coordination aspects of synthesized triazole ligands were investigated theoretically by structure optimization on Gaussian 09 package by DFT approach at B3LYP/6-31G (d, p). HOMO-LUMO energy gaps correlated to its chemical reactivity and this information applied to interpret the role of ligand in the formation of ligand-metal complex. Electron rich environment around the triazole core stabilized the HOMO orbital and made these electrons available to form complex with Pd centre. The DFT calculations provide a plausible mechanism for the reaction that is consistent with the available experimental facts. A series of triazole ligands have been synthesized via efficient 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of readily available azide and alkynes for coordination to Pd centre. Characterization of all the synthesized compounds was done by FTIR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR and HRMS. Their ligand-Pd complexes provided excellent yields in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions (up to 92% yield) of unactivated aryl chlorides. Ligand 4-(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (L2) was found to be most effective ligand because of electron donating 2,6 dimethoxy phenyl moiety attached to triazole ring at 4-position that facilitated the formation of electron rich ligand-catalyst complex. The complex favoured the oxidative addition step of Pd across the aryl chloride substrate and thus allowed for the development of highly active ligand-catalyst system for Suzuki reaction. During computational analysis, 4-(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (L2) also showed lowest band gap due to electron rich distribution pattern on the HOMO that are involve in ligand-Pd complex formation. Conclusively, these triazoles ligands were found to be more competent and attractive for palladium catalyst because of simplistic pathway for the synthesis of triazole motif and the ease of individual tuning of the substituents on triazole core or exocyclic to it. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Formula: C7H7Cl. About 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene, If you have any questions, you can contact Jabeen, S; Khera, RA; Iqbal, J; Asgher, M or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; Nanjing Zhongteng Chemical Co., Ltd.; Zhong Hua; Lu Minshan; Chen Xiuzhen; Liu Qiaobao; Yin Hengbo; Wang Aili; (8 pag.)CN104876790; (2017); B;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Recommanded Product: 87-63-8. Authors Dinh, AN; Maddox, SM; Vaidya, SD; Saputra, MA; Nalbandian, CJ; Gustafson, JL in AMER CHEMICAL SOC published article about in [Dinh, Andrew N.; Maddox, Sean M.; Vaidya, Sagar D.; Saputra, Mirza A.; Nalbandian, Christopher J.; Gustafson, Jeffrey L.] San Diego State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, San Diego, CA 92182 USA in 2020, Cited 54. The Name is 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 87-63-8

We report a highly efficient ortho-selective electrophilic chlorination of phenols utilizing a Lewis basic selenoether catalyst. The selenoether catalyst resulted in comparable selectivities to our previously reported bis-thiourea ortho-selective catalyst, with a catalyst loading as low as 1%. The new catalytic system also allowed us to extend this chemistry to obtain excellent ortho-selectivities for unprotected anilines. The selectivities of this reaction are up to >20:1 ortho/para, while the innate selectivities for phenols and anilines are approximately 1:4 ortho/para. A series of preliminary studies revealed that the substrates require a hydrogen-bonding moiety for selectivity.

About 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline, If you have any questions, you can contact Dinh, AN; Maddox, SM; Vaidya, SD; Saputra, MA; Nalbandian, CJ; Gustafson, JL or concate me.. Recommanded Product: 87-63-8

Reference:
Patent; ASTRAZENECA AB; NPS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.; WO2006/20879; (2006); A1;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Recently I am researching about HYDROGEN-BOND PATTERNS; GRAPH-SET ANALYSIS; ABSOLUTE-STRUCTURE; PHENYLPHOSPHONIC ACID; 4,4′-SULFONYLDIPHENOL; 4,4′-THIODIPHENOL; PIRIBEDIL; ADDUCTS, Saw an article supported by the UGC, New DelhiUniversity Grants Commission, India; UGCUniversity Grants Commission, India. Published in INT UNION CRYSTALLOGRAPHY in CHESTER ,Authors: Mahesha, N; Sagar, BK; Yathirajan, HS; Furuya, T; Haraguchi, T; Akitsu, T; Glidewell, C. The CAS is 50-84-0. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Product Details of 50-84-0

In each of the compounds 1-[(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl]-4-(3-fluorobenzoyl)piperazine, C19H19 FN2O3 (I), 1-[(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl]-4-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)piperazine, C19H18F2N2O3 (II), and 1-[(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl]-4-(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)piperazine, C19H19Cl2N2O3 (III), the piperazine rings adopt a chair conformation with the (1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl substituent occupying an equatorial site: the five-membered rings are all slightly folded across the O center dot center dot center dot O line leading to envelope conformations. The dihedral angle between the planar amidic fragment and the haloaryl ring is 62.97 (5)degrees in (I) but 77.72 (12)degrees and 75.50 (5)degrees in (II) and (III), respectively. Despite their similarity in constitution and conformation, the supramolecular interactions in (I)-(III) differ: in (I), a combination of C-H center dot center dot center dot O and C-H center dot center dot center dot pi(arene) hydrogen bonds links the molecules into a three-dimensional framework structure, but there are no hydrogen bonds of any sort in either (II) or (III), although the structure of (III) contains a short Cl center dot center dot center dot Cl contact between inversion-related pairs of molecules.

Product Details of 50-84-0. About 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Mahesha, N; Sagar, BK; Yathirajan, HS; Furuya, T; Haraguchi, T; Akitsu, T; Glidewell, C or concate me.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

SDS of cas: 50-30-6. I found the field of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry very interesting. Saw the article Structural Aspects of the Ortho Chloro- and Fluoro- Substituted Benzoic Acids: Implications on Chemical Properties published in 2020.0, Reprint Addresses Ildiz, GO (corresponding author), Univ Coimbra, Dept Chem, CQC, P-3004535 Coimbra, Portugal.; Ildiz, GO (corresponding author), Istanbul Kultur Univ, Fac Sci & Letters, Dept Phys, Atakoy Campus, TR-34156 Istanbul, Turkey.. The CAS is 50-30-6. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid.

This article presents a detailed comprehensive investigation of the ortho fluoro- and chloro- substituted benzoic acids both, as isolated molecules and in the crystalline phase. Quantum chemical calculations performed within the density functional theory (DFT) formalism are used to investigate the potential energy landscapes of the molecules, taking into special consideration the effects of the interactions between the carboxylic group and the ortho halogen substituents, as well as the nature of these later on the structure and properties of the investigated systems. The structures of the relevant conformers of the molecules are discussed in comparative terms, and used to rationalize experimental data obtained for the compounds in the gas phase and isolated in low-temperature inert matrices. The UV-induced photofragmentation reactions of two of the compounds isolated in cryogenic inert matrices were studied as illustrative cases. The structures of the crystals reported previously in the literature are revisited and discussed also in a comparative basis. Particular emphasis is given to the analysis of the intermolecular interactions in the different crystals, using Hirshfeld surface analysis, the CE-B3LYP energy decomposition model and the HOMA index, and to their correlation with thermodynamic data.

SDS of cas: 50-30-6. About 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Ildiz, GO; Fausto, R or concate me.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

An article Exploiting a silver-bismuth hybrid material as heterogeneous noble metal catalyst for decarboxylations and decarboxylative deuterations of carboxylic acids under batch and continuous flow conditions WOS:000654951000001 published article about ONE-POT SYNTHESIS; GREEN CHEMISTRY; BOND FORMATION; GOLD(I)-CATALYZED PROTODECARBOXYLATION; SELECTIVE DEUTERATION; FUNCTIONALIZATION; TRANSFORMATIONS; MICROREACTORS; NANOPARTICLES; EXCHANGE in [Meszaros, Rebeka; Fulop, Ferenc] Univ Szeged, Inst Pharmaceut Chem, Eotvos U 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; [Marton, Andras; Szabados, Marton; Palinko, Istvan] Univ Szeged, Dept Organ Chem, Dom Ter 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; [Szabados, Marton; Varga, Gabor; Palinko, Istvan] Univ Szeged, Mat & Solut Struct Res Grp, Aradi Vertanuk Tere 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; [Szabados, Marton; Varga, Gabor; Palinko, Istvan] Univ Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellence Ctr, Inst Chem, Aradi Vertanuk Tere 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; [Varga, Gabor] Univ Szeged, Dept Phys Chem & Mat Sci, Rerrich Bela Ter 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; [Konya, Zoltan; Kukovecz, Akos] Univ Szeged, Dept Appl & Environm Chem, Rerrich Bela Ter 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; [Konya, Zoltan] Hungarian Acad Sci, MTA SZTE React Kinet & Surface Chem Res Grp, Rerrich Bela Ter 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; [Fulop, Ferenc; Otvos, Sandor B.] Hungarian Acad Sci, MTA SZTE Stereochem Res Grp, Eotvos U 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; [Otvos, Sandor B.] Karl Franzens Univ Graz, NAWI Graz, Inst Chem, Heinrichstr 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria in 2021, Cited 99. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0. Recommanded Product: 50-84-0

Herein, we report novel catalytic methodologies for protodecarboxylations and decarboxylative deuterations of carboxylic acids utilizing a silver-containing hybrid material as a heterogeneous noble metal catalyst. After an initial batch method development, a chemically intensified continuous flow process was established in a simple packed-bed system which enabled gram-scale protodecarboxlyations without detectable structural degradation of the catalyst. The scope and applicability of the batch and flow processes were demonstrated through decarboxylations of a diverse set of aromatic carboxylic acids. Catalytic decarboxylative deuterations were achieved on the basis of the reaction conditions developed for the protodecarboxylations using D2O as a readily available deuterium source.

About 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Meszaros, R; Marton, A; Szabados, M; Varga, G; Konya, Z; Kukovecz, A; Fulop, F; Palinko, I; Otvos, SB or concate me.. Recommanded Product: 50-84-0

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Authors Yu, CL; Devlin, JF; Bi, EP in PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD published article about SURFACE COMPLEXATION; MINERAL SURFACES; ORGANIC-ACIDS; LINEAR ALKYLBENZENESULFONATES; PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS; COMPETITIVE SORPTION; CARBON NANOTUBES; PHTHALIC-ACID; IRON-OXIDES; ATR-FTIR in [Yu, Chenglong; Bi, Erping] China Univ Geosci Beijing, Sch Water Resources & Environm, 29 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China; [Yu, Chenglong; Bi, Erping] China Univ Geosci Beijing, MOE Key Lab Groundwater Circulat & Environm Evolu, 29 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China; [Devlin, J. F.] Univ Kansas, Dept Geol, Lindley Hall,1475 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA in 2019.0, Cited 45.0. Safety of 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. The Name is 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-30-6

Adsorption of a diverse set of chemicals onto goethite was evaluated by column chromatography. The pH of the effluents was 4.7-5.2. Van der Waals forces dominate the exothermic adsorption of 8 nonpolar compounds (e.g., PAHs and chlorobenzenes). H-bonding is responsible for the adsorption of 32 mono-carboxylic acids (i.e., benzoic acids, naphthoic acids and acidic pharmaceuticals) and their adsorption tends to be endothermic. Steric effects significantly decreased the bonding of monocarboxylic acids with ortho-substitutions. Exothermic adsorption of 10 monophenols is controlled by weak H-bonding. Bonding of these 50 solutes onto goethite is totally reversible. In contrast, inner-sphere complexation of phthalic acid and chlortetracycline with goethite occurred according to their low desorption ratio (1.1%-54.4%). Polyparameter linear free energy relationship (PP-LFER) models were established to provide acceptable fitting results of the goethite-solute distribution coefficients (RMSE = 0.32 and 0.30 at 25 degrees C and 5 degrees C, respectively). It is worthy to note that steric effects must be considered to get a better prediction for compounds with ortho-substitutions. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

About 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Yu, CL; Devlin, JF; Bi, EP or concate me.. Safety of 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Product Details of 95-49-8. I found the field of Chemistry very interesting. Saw the article Nickel(ii) and nickel(0) complexes as precursors of nickel nanoparticles for the catalytic hydrogenation of benzonitrile published in 2020.0, Reprint Addresses Garcia, JJ (corresponding author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Fac Quim, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.. The CAS is 95-49-8. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene.

The use of the nickel(ii) complex [(TEEDA)NiCl2] (1; TEEDA= N,N,N ‘,N ‘-tetraethyl-ethylendiamine) and nickel(0) complex [Ni(COD)(2)] (5) as pre-catalysts in the additive-free catalytic hydrogenation of benzonitrile (BN) is reported. In the presence of 1 (1 mol%), BN was hydrogenated under relatively mild reaction conditions (100 degrees C, 120 psi H-2, 72 h) to the corresponding secondary imine, N-benzylidenebenzylamine (BBA), in very good yield (83%). As a counterpart, 5 (1 mol%) selectively hydrogenated BN to benzylamine (BA) in excellent yield (96%) under similar reaction conditions (80 degrees C, 120 psi H-2, 24 h). In both cases, nickel nanoparticles (Ni-NPs) were identified as the catalytically active species. These Ni-NPs were formed in situ from 1 and 5 without external additives or additional stabilizers. The use of complex 5 was extended to the hydrogenation of different (hetero) aromatic and aliphatic nitriles.

Product Details of 95-49-8. About 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene, If you have any questions, you can contact Rodriguez, AA; Garduno, JA; Garcia, JJ or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; Nanjing Zhongteng Chemical Co., Ltd.; Zhong Hua; Lu Minshan; Chen Xiuzhen; Liu Qiaobao; Yin Hengbo; Wang Aili; (8 pag.)CN104876790; (2017); B;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

HPLC of Formula: C7H7Cl. Authors Gupta, SSR; Vinu, A; Kantam, ML in WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH published article about in [Gupta, Shyam Sunder R.; Kantam, Mannepalli Lakshmi] Inst Chem Technol, Dept Chem Engn, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India; [Vinu, Ajayan] Univ Newcastle, Fac Engn & Built Environm, Sch Engn, Global Innovat Ctr Adv Nanomat GICAN, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia in 2021.0, Cited 62.0. The Name is 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 95-49-8

One-pot synthesis of furan-2,5-dimethylcarboxylate (FDMC) from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is highly demanding for the commercial production of polyethylene furanoate (PEF). Herein, a direct synthesis of FDMC is reported from oxidative esterification of HMF using ultrafine CuO particles dispersed on nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanospheres (CuO/N-C-HNSs) as a catalyst and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidizing and methylating reagent. The CuO/N-C-HNSs was prepared through a template protection-sacrifice strategy using SiO2 as a sacrificial template and histidine as the precursor for N and C. N-doping facilitated a strong interaction between the support and copper species, affording formation of CuO nanoparticles of less than 10 nm in size. By virtue of the highly dispersed CuO nanoparticles and a high BET surface area 373 m(2)/g, the CuO/N-C-HNSsshows excellent catalytic performance in the selective conversion of HMF into FDMC affording 93 % yield of the desired product with a TON value of 49. Furthermore, the oxidative esterification involving (SPC)-C-3-H bond functionalization is also demonstrated using the same catalyst.

HPLC of Formula: C7H7Cl. About 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene, If you have any questions, you can contact Gupta, SSR; Vinu, A; Kantam, ML or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; Nanjing Zhongteng Chemical Co., Ltd.; Zhong Hua; Lu Minshan; Chen Xiuzhen; Liu Qiaobao; Yin Hengbo; Wang Aili; (8 pag.)CN104876790; (2017); B;,
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics