Month: April 2021

One of the major reasons for studying chemical kinetics is to use measurements of the macroscopic properties of a system, such as the rate of change in the concentration of reactants or products with time. 627-00-9, Name is 4-Chlorobutanoic acid, formurla is C4H7ClO2. In a document, author is Atta, Dennis Yaw, introducing its new discovery. Recommanded Product: 4-Chlorobutanoic acid.

The cost and environmental effects of most conventional surfactants have increased the search for a greener and cheaper alternative for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications. The natural L-amino acids are amphoteric compound with excellent surface properties that have found versatile applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. These amino acids exhibited amphipathic nature due to their hydrophobic alkyl chain and charged head. Hence, they could form contacts with both polar and non-polar surface ligands simultaneously. In this study, four amino acids, namely L-arginine, L-lysine, L-methionine, and L-tryptophan, were investigated to access their ability to reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) and alter the wettability of oil-wet sandstone rock. The pendant/rising drop and sessile drop method were employed in IFT and contact angle measurements. The stability of amino acids in brine and the compatibility with other EOR chemicals were tested through visual observation of the precipitates and cloudiness. With the exception of L-tryptophan, the compatibility and stability results revealed that all the amino acids have high salt tolerance above 25 wt% sodium chloride (NaCl). The solutions of amino acids and chemicals such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), alkali, and alkali-polymer were transparent even at 80 degrees C. The IFT test results showed that the amino acids significantly reduced the crude oil-water IFT compared to the IFT of n-decane-water system. The IFT between deionized water and crude oil decreased by 76.61% and 55.24%, 24.79%, 45.23% in the presence of L-arginine, lysine, methionine, and tryptophan solutions, respectively. Addition of 0.01 wt% L-arginine, L-lysine and L-methionine to 0.1 wt% SDS reduced the IFT by 28.3%, 15.6%, and 10.97% respectively. The contact angle test showed that L-amino acids have great potential as wettability modifying agents. The contact angles reduced with the decreasing pH (potential of hydrogen) and with increasing brine concentrations from 1 to 4 wt%. Specifically, the contact angle reduced from 92.3 degrees, 91.42 degrees, 89.81 degrees and 92.95 to 47.24 degrees, 53.9 degrees, 58.9 degrees and 59.0 degrees for L-arginine, L-lysine, L-methionine and L-tryptophan, respectively at a pH of about 3. The study suggests that the L-amino acids could be a potential EOR agent in a high saline environment, mainly as a wettability modifier, as well as additives to improve the surface activity of the conventional surfactant and EOR chemicals.

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Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

A catalyst don’t appear in the overall stoichiometry of the reaction it catalyzes, but it must appear in at least one of the elementary reactions in the mechanism for the catalyzed reaction. 367-21-5, Name is 3-Chloro-4-fluoroaniline, molecular formula is C6H5ClFN. In an article, author is Safaeian, Leila,once mentioned of 367-21-5, Computed Properties of https://www.ambeed.com/products/367-21-5.html.

Background and objectives: Sargassum angustifolium is a brown alga in southwestern coastline of Persian Gulf. Regarding the presence of various bioactive compounds and evidence of antihypertensive effects in other species of Sargassum, we evaluated the effect of S. angustifolium ethanol extract in CdCl2-induced hypertension in Wistar rats. Methods: Alga extract was prepared by maceration method using 70% ethanol and assessed for total phenolics and salt content. CdCl2 (1.5 mg/kg/day) was administered intraperitoneally to the rats for two weeks. Treatment groups received S. angustifolium extract (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg) or nifedipine (10 mg/kg) orally and simultaneously were given CdCl2 for two weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate were measured using tail-cuff method. Total antioxidant capacity, urea, creatinine, electrolytes including sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride were estimated in blood samples. The weight and histopathology of kidney tissues were also evaluated. Results: The content of total phenolic as gallic acid equivalent and the salt as NaCl was 67.42 +/- 9.5 mg/g and 6.9 g/100 g in dried ethanol extract, respectively. CdCl2 caused significant increase in SBP, kidney/body weight ratio, serum sodium and urea level and decrease in plasma total antioxidant capacity, and also histopathological alterations in kidney tissues. Treatment with S. angustifolium extract at the doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg significantly reversed hypertension and improved kidney weight, urea level and electrolyte changes, and enhanced antioxidant capacity and prevented histopathological changes of kidney. Conclusion: Findings of the present study indicated antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of S. angustifolium extract against CdCl2-induced hypertension in rats.

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Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

A catalyst don’t appear in the overall stoichiometry of the reaction it catalyzes, Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks, but it must appear in at least one of the elementary reactions in the mechanism for the catalyzed reaction. 1005-56-7, Name is O-Phenyl carbonochloridothioate, molecular formula is C7H5ClOS. In an article, author is Lv, Hao,once mentioned of 1005-56-7.

Noble metal alloy nanowires (NWs) with ultrathin diameters (2-3 nm) and precisely controllable elemental compositions have attracted dramatically growing attention for (electro)catalysis. Despites numerous achievements in past two decades, noble metal alloy NWs are mostly synthesized with the traditional oil-phase methods that suffer from some undesirable drawbacks. Here, we report a general strategy for fast, scalable, and aqueous synthesis of multicomponent Pd-based alloy ultrathin NWs with an average diameter of 2.6 nm, ranging from bimetallic PdM (PdFe, PdCo, PdNi, PdCu, PdZn, PdRu, PdRh, PdAg, PdCd, PdIr, PdPt, PdAu) and binary PdS/PdP NWs, to trimetallic PdM1M2 NWs (PdAuCu, PdCoNi, PdCuZn, PdCuNi, PdAgCu, PdAuCu, PdRuAg, PdAuRu, and PdPtAu), and to tetrametallic PdM1M2M3 NWs (PdAuAgCu, PdCoCuNi, PdAuCuNi, PdPtAuCu, and PdIrPtAu). The key to the success of this aqueous synthesis is the utilization of N2H4 as the extremely strong reducing agent that directs the synchronous reduction and anisotropic nucleation growth of multicomponent Pd alloy NWs along nanoconfined columnar phase assembled with amphiphilic dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride. As-resultant Pd-based alloy ultrathin NWs exhibit multiple structural and compositional synergies, which remarkably optimize the removal of poisoning ethoxy intermediates and thus improve electrocatalytic performance towards ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR). Among them, tetrametallic PdAuCuNi alloy ultrathin NWs hold a high EOR activity of 5.14 A mg(Pd)(-1) and a low activation energy of 13.1 kJ mol(-1), both of which are much better than its counterpart catalysts alloyed with less elements. This work represents an important advance in precise aqueous synthesis of multicomponent noble metal alloy ultrathin NWs as the high-performance electrocatalysts for various targeted applications.

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Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthetic Route of 140-53-4, As an important bridge between the micro and macro material world, chemistry is one of the main methods and means for humans to understand and transform the material world. 140-53-4, Name is (4-Chlorophenyl)acetonitrile, SMILES is ClC1=CC=C(CC#N)C=C1, belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks compound. In a article, author is Zhang, Yurong, introduce new discover of the category.

Permeability is a major indicator of concrete durability, and depends primarily on the microstructure characteristics of concrete, including its porosity and pore size distribution. In this study, a variety of concrete samples were prepared to investigate their microstructure characteristics via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and X-ray computed tomography (X-CT). Furthermore, the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete was measured to explore its correlation with the microstructure of the concrete samples. Results show that the proportion of pores with diameters < 1000 nm obtained by NMR exceeds that obtained by MIP, although the difference in the total porosity determined by both methods is minimal. X-CT measurements obtained a relatively small porosity; however, this likely reflects the distribution of large pores more accurately. A strong correlation is observed between the chloride diffusion coefficient and the porosity or contributive porosity of pores with sizes < 1000 nm. Moreover, microstructure parameters measured via NMR reveal a lower correlation coefficient R-2 versus the chloride diffusion coefficient relative to the parameters determined via MIP, as NMR can measure non-connected as well as connected pores. In addition, when analyzing pores with sizes > 50 mu m, X-CT obtains the maximal contributive porosity, followed by MIP and NMR.

Synthetic Route of 140-53-4, Each elementary reaction can be described in terms of its molecularity, the number of molecules that collide in that step. The slowest step in a reaction mechanism is the rate-determining step.you can also check out more blogs about 140-53-4.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

The reaction rate of a catalyzed reaction is faster than the reaction rate of the uncatalyzed reaction at the same temperature. 6092-54-2, Name is Hexyl carbonochloridate, SMILES is O=C(Cl)OCCCCCC, in an article , author is Hu, Sen, once mentioned of 6092-54-2, Application In Synthesis of Hexyl carbonochloridate.

In this work, an S hybrid nanosheet with multiple functions is synthesized by in situ modification of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto two-dimensional (2D) metalloporphyrinic metal-organic framework (MOF) (Cu-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin chloride(Fe(III)), designated as AuNPs/Cu-TCPP(Fe). Cu-TCPP(Fe) nanosheets contribute peroxidase-like activity, and AuNPs have glucose oxidase (GOx) mimicking performance, which induce the cascade catalysis reactions to convert glucose into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and then, by using AuNP catalysis, H2O2 oxidizes the no Raman-active leucomalachite green (LMG) into the Raman-active malachite green (MG). Simultaneously, in the presence of AuNPs, sensitive and selective surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) determination of glucose can be achieved. The bioenzyme-free SERS assay based on such AuNPs/Cu-TCPP(Fe) nanosheets is used for detection of glucose in saliva, showing good recovery from 96.9 to 100.8%. The work paves a new way to design a nanozyme-based SERS protocol for biomolecule analysis.

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Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Related Products of 85-54-1, Redox catalysis has been broadly utilized in electrochemical synthesis due to its kinetic advantages over direct electrolysis. The appropriate choice of redox mediator can avoid electrode passivation and overpotential. 85-54-1, Name is 2-(4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoyl)benzoic acid, SMILES is O=C(O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(C2=CC=C(Cl)C([N+]([O-])=O)=C2)=O, belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks compound. In a article, author is Wu, Qiu-Jin, introduce new discover of the category.

The design and preparation of porous catalysts with multiple catalytically active sites for synergistically catalytic conversion of CO2 still remains a challenge. Herein, cobalt porphyrin as a Lewis acidic active site was introduced in imidazolium-functionalized cationic covalent triazine frameworks (denoted as Co-PCCTFs) via copolymerization of cobalt 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-cyanophenyl)porphyrin (Co-TPPCN) and 1,3-bis(4-cyanophenyl) imidazolium chloride ([BCIM]Cl). The obtained bifunctional Co-PCCTFs with positively charged imidazolium groups have high BET surface areas and show sufficient CO2 adsorption uptakes. The nucleophilic halide anions of the imidazolium parts and the cobalt porphyrin Lewis acid sites were positioned in close proximity so that the Co-PCCTFs could synergistically activate substrates and intermediates. Compared with ICTF-400 free of Co2+ that was obtained from [BCIM]Cl, Co-PCCTF5 exhibited enhanced activity for the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides to produce cyclic carbonates without a cocatalyst under mild conditions. Moreover, Co-PCCTF5 is sufficiently stable so that it could be reused more than 5 times without loss of catalytic activity. This work provides a new approach for the design and preparation of efficient multifunctional catalysts with multiple sites for synergistic catalysis.

Related Products of 85-54-1, Consequently, the presence of a catalyst will permit a system to reach equilibrium more quickly, but it has no effect on the position of the equilibrium as reflected in the value of its equilibrium constant.I hope my blog about 85-54-1 is helpful to your research.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Chemo-enzymatic cascade processes are invaluable due to their ability to rapidly construct high-value products from available feedstock chemicals in a one-pot relay manner. In an article, author is Khelissa, S., once mentioned the application of 98-60-2, Name is 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride, molecular formula is C6H4Cl2O2S, molecular weight is 211.0658, MDL number is MFCD00007439, category is chlorides-buliding-blocks. Now introduce a scientific discovery about this category, Recommanded Product: 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride.

Aims In this study, benzalkonium chloride (BAC) microcapsules were developed for surface disinfection purpose and were evaluated against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli biofilms. Methods and Results Microcapsules were prepared with two different strategies: uncomplexed BAC-microcapsules (UBM) containing BAC and maltodextrins, and complexed BAC-microcapsules (CBM) containing BAC complexed by pectin and maltodextrins. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of free and microencapsulated BAC were investigated against two food pathogens: L. monocytogenes and E. coli. The antibiofilm activities of UBM and CBM against L. monocytogenes and E. coli biofilms formed on stainless steel at 37 degrees C were evaluated and compared to BAC used under its free form. MICs of encapsulated BAC were up to fourfold lower than those of free BAC. The UBM and CBM showed higher antibiofilm effect when compared to the free BAC. Conclusions Overall, results demonstrated that microencapsulation enhanced the antibacterial activity of BAC against L. monocytogenes and E. coli biofilms. Significance and Impact of the Study The application of such BAC microcapsule-based delivery systems can improve surface disinfection procedures and reduce the required BAC concentrations and the related cytotoxicity of this antimicrobial compound.

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Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Chemistry is an experimental science, Quality Control of Chloromethyl pivalate, and the best way to enjoy it and learn about it is performing experiments.Introducing a new discovery about 18997-19-8, Name is Chloromethyl pivalate, molecular formula is C6H11ClO2, belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks compound. In a document, author is Al-samawi, Mohammed.

This paper investigates the assessment of corrosion effects on the performance of the composite bridge caused by chloride ions during the service life depending on Cellular Automata (CA) and Finite Element Method (FEM). It also provided a detailed guide to evaluate the performance of existing bridges. Firstly, the diffusion of chloride ions process in the bridge deck is simulated based on the 2D-CA and the initial corrosion time of reinforcement bars and cracking time in the bridge deck is predicted under the effect of multiple factors such as time, water-cement ratio (w/c), temperature and stress state. Secondly, chloride ions’ corrosion effect on the steel girder of the bridge is simulated using 3D-CA. The CA algorithms are developed in MATLAB to achieve this purpose. Thirdly, the degraded steel-concrete composite bridge according to CA-based simulations is analysed based on (FEM). Finally, a numerical simulation of the composite bridge performance for different service process under chloride ion corrosion is achieved under different service periods.

Sometimes chemists are able to propose two or more mechanisms that are consistent with the available data. If a proposed mechanism predicts the wrong experimental rate law, however, the mechanism must be incorrect.Welcome to check out more blogs about 18997-19-8, in my other articles. Quality Control of Chloromethyl pivalate.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

2687-12-9, Name is Cinnamyl chloride, molecular formula is C9H9Cl, belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks compound, is a common compound. In a patnet, author is Sheng, Weiming, once mentioned the new application about 2687-12-9, Name: Cinnamyl chloride.

The NNNNN-pincer multidentate pyrrolyl rare-earth-metal amido-chloride complexes {eta(1):kappa(3)-2,5-[CH3N(CH2CH2)(2)NCH2](2)C4H(2)N}RECl[N(SiMe3)2] (RE = Y (2a), Sm (2b), Dy (2c), Er (2d), Yb (2e)) were synthesized by one step from reactions of [(Me3Si)2N]3RE(mu-Cl)Li(THF)3 with {2,5-[CH3N(CH2CH2)2NCH2]2}C4H2NH (1). Reactions of compound 1 with RE(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2 gave the rare-earth-metal dialkyl complexes {eta(1):kappa(2)-2,5-[CH3N(CH2CH2)2NCH2]2C4H2N}Sc(CH2SiMe3)2 (3a) and {?1:?3-2,5-[CH3N(CH2CH2)2NCH2]2C4H2N}RE(CH2SiMe3)2 (RE = Y (3b), Dy (3c), Er (3d), Yb (3e), Lu (3f)). Further reactions of complexes 3 with dimethylaniline afforded rare-earth-metal diamido complexes bearing an NNNNN-pincer multidentate pyrrolyl ligand, but not rare-earth-metal imido complexes even under the condition of additional DMAP. All complexes were characterized by spectroscopic methods, elemental analyses, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The pincer multidentate pyrrolyl rare-earth-metal dialkyl complexes showed high catalytic activities for the addition of amines to carbodiimides or isothiocyanate to afford the substituted guanidines and thioureas.

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Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Chemistry is the experimental and theoretical study of materials on their properties at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. 1005-56-7, Name is O-Phenyl carbonochloridothioate, molecular formula is C7H5ClOS. In an article, author is Kim, Yeonjoon,once mentioned of 1005-56-7, Computed Properties of https://www.ambeed.com/products/1005-56-7.html.

Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is one of the important renewable platform compounds that can be obtained from biomass feedstocks through glucose conversion catalyzed by Bronsted and Lewis acids. However, it is challenging to enhance the HMF yield due to side reactions. In this study, a systematic approach combining theory and experiment was performed to investigate the influence of Lewis acids and organic solvents on the HMF yield. For the Lewis acid effect, a relationship between chemical hardness and experimental HMF yields was found in the rate-limiting step of glucose-to-fructose isomerization for six metal chlorides; HMF production was promoted when the metal chloride and a substrate had a similar chemical hardness. To study the organic solvent effect, a multivariate model was developed based on the insights gained from the mechanistic study of fructose dehydration, to predict HMF yields in a given water-organic cosolvent system. It showed a reliable accuracy in evaluating HMF yields with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 3.0% with respect to experimental HMF yields for 13 solvents, and also predicted HMF yields with a MAE of 10.7% for four new solvents. Chemical interpretation of the model revealed that it is desirable to use a solvent capable of stabilizing the carbocation intermediates with low proton transfer activity and high hydrogen bond basicity, to maximize the HMF yield. This multivariate model informs experimentalists about rational selection of solvents with very low computational costs needed to calculate only six variables for each solvent. It can be expanded to other catalytic systems such as heterogeneous Bronsted-Lewis bifunctional catalysts and enables optimization of reaction conditions to obtain other useful platform molecules through biomass conversion.

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Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics